Table 2 Factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women as per the 2020 Rwanda Demographic Health Survey

Age

0.381

0.938

15–24

1

1

25–34

0.81(0.44–1.51)

1.26(0.27–5.93)

35 and above

1.20(0.64–2.26)

1.37(0.23–8.27)

Education level

0.891

0.168

Tertiary

1

1

Secondary

0.80(0.25–2.59)

0.53(0.06–4.74)

Primary

0.89(0.29–2.72)

0.30(0.03–2.99)

No education

1.16(0.32–4.19)

1.05(0.07–16.45)

Working status

0.030

0.022

Working

1

1

Not working

1.71(1.05–2.79)

2.45(1.14–5.26)

Parity

0786

0.960

Below 4

1

1

4 and above

0.88(0.49–1.60)

0.95(0.13–7.01)

Marital status

0.240

0.039

Married

1

1

Unmarried

1.47(0.77–2.78)

1.23(1.24–3.57)

Health insurance

0.061

0.197

Yes

1

1

No

0.47(0.21–1.04)

0.32(0.06–1.82)

Wealth index

0.986

0.029

Richest

1

1

Richer

1.14(0.54–2.40)

5.79(1.46–22.96)

Middle

0.98(0.45–2.13)

9.19(1.64–51.56)

Poorer

0.94(0.44–2.03)

4.20(0.76–23.07)

Poorest

1.05(0.48–2.28)

4.28(0.84–21.92)

Residence

0.578

0.794

Urban

1

1

Rural

0.83(0.43–1.60)

1.16(0.37–3.65)

Region

0.497

0.042

Kigali

1

1

West

0.72(0.30–1.74)

0.30(0.07–1.29)

East

0.66(0.28–1.57)

0.21(0.04–1.04)

North

0.84(0.32–2.18)

0.39(0.07–2.28)

South

0.48(0.20–1.16)

0.14(0.03–0.66)

Household size

0.280

0.542

Less than 6

1

1

6 and above

0.70(0.37–1.33)

1.43(0.45–4.55)

Sex of household head

0.545

0.261

Male

1

1

Female

1.19(0.67–2.12)

0.54(0.18–1.60)

Exposure to radio

0.480

0.576

Yes

1

1

No

1.22(0.70–2.13)

1.48(0.37–5.85)

Exposure to television

0.195

0.032

Yes

1

1

No

0.73(0.45–1.18)

0.35(0.14–0.91)

Exposure to newspapers

0.518

0.463

Yes

1

1

No

0.82(0.45–1.50)

0.64(0.19–2.12)

Husband/partner’s education

0.102

0.032

Tertiary

1

1

Secondary

0.53(0.18–1.62)

0.11(0.01–1.83)

Primary

0.33(0.12–0.89)

0.08(0.01–0.50)

No education

0.36(0.11–1.13)

0.08(0.01–0.59)

Mosquito net use

0.608

0.777

Yes

1

1

No

0.88(0.55–1.42)

0.86(0.30–2.49)

Deworming

0.895

0.384

Yes

1

1

No

1.07(0.367–3.148)

1.75(0.49–6.23)

Trimester

0.066

0.891

First

1

1

Second

2.11(1.13–3.93)

0.81(0.25–2.56)

Third

1.59(0.86–2.93)

0.74(0.21–2.58)

Problem with distance to a health facility

0.023

<0.001

No big problem

1

1

Big problem

1.84(1.09–3.12)

5.40(2.21–13.23)

Visited health facility in last 6 months

0.479

0.255

Yes

1

1

No

0.77(0.37–1.59)

1.88(0.63–5.63)

Body mass index (BMI)

0.120

0.014

Overweight

1

1

Normal

1.65(1.01–2.72)

3.33(1.46–7.59)

Underweight

0.77(0.08–7.04)

8.05(0.77–83.78)

Antenatal care visits

0.221

0.962

4 and above

1

1

Below 4

0.65(0.33–1.30)

0.98(0.37–2.58)

Iron supplementation taken during pregnancy

0.012

0.013

Yes

1

1

No

0.24(0.08–0.73)

0.16(0.04–0.67)

Source of drinking water

0.947

0.606

Improved source

1

1

Unimproved source

0.98(0.55–1.74)

0.74(0.24–2.32)

Type of toilet facility

0.345

0.235

Improved facility

1

1

Unimproved facility

0.78(0.47–1.31)

0.52(0.18–1.54)