From: The maternal factors associated with infant low birth weight: an umbrella review
Risk factors | Random effects P-value | Number of cases | Excess of significance bias (p-value) ESB | the value of the pooled effect size expressed in equivalent Hedges’ g (eG) | small-study effects (p-value for Egger | Prediction Intervals | Largest study (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2%) | Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
crack cocaine | < 0.001 | 1072 | 0.435 | 0.572 | 0.645 | 1.699–4.689 | 2.098–3.228 | 25.433 | Class I |
Infertility | < 0.001 | 7770 | 0.629 | 0.16 | 0.816 | 1.148, 1.556 | 0.769, 2.1 | 0 | Class I |
smoking | < 0.001 | 15,413 | 0.443 | 0.383 | 0.495 | 1.131–3.543 | 1.251–1.75 | 66.136 | Class II |
antenatal Care | < 0.001 | 1211 | 0.882 | 0.411 | 0.481 | 0.586–1.339 | 0.329–0.489 | 55.79 | Class II |
Periodontal | < 0.001 | 7202 | 0.002 | 0.485 | 0.006 | 0.599–9.702 | 0.891–1.561 | 81.892 | Class III |
Depression | < 0.001 | 6244 | < 0.001 | 0.338 | 0.01 | 0.638–5.337 | 1.224–2.313 | 81.275 | Class III |
anemia | < 0.001 | 9394 | < 0.001 | 0.154 | 0.02 | 0.752–2.324 | 1.15–7.62 | 65.679 | Class III |
caffeine/coffee | < 0.001 | 5072 | 0.246 | 0.16 | 0.071 | 0.872, 2.046 | 1.017, 2.018 | 52.90 | Class III |
heavy physical workload | 0.048 | 12,794 | 0.014 | 0.344 | 0.05 | 0.225–15.494 | 2.122–3.432 | 91.388 | Class IV |
underweight | 0.002 | 9625 | 0.12 | 0.29 | 0.147 | 0.433–6.621 | 1.085–1.336 | 86.144 | Class IV |
lifting ≥ 11 kg | 0.042 | 1891 | 0.8 | 0.255 | 0.253 | 0.323–7.808 | 1.302–4.421 | 81.955 | Class IV |
alcohol | 0.001 | 30,444 | 0.004 | 0.114 | 0.619 | 0.48–3.146 | 0.581–1.579 | 89.166 | Class IV |
hypothyroidism | 0.045 | 1122 | 0.468 | 0.184 | 0.603 | 0.66, 2.955 | 0.819, 1.76 | 21.53 | Class IV |
Hypertension | < 0.001 | 479 | 0.253 | 0.75 | 0.924 | 1.083, 14.038 | 1.789, 40.869 | 75.07 | Class IV |
overweight/obesity | 0.054 | 9625 | 0.005 | 0.084 | 0.334 | 0.733–1.854 | 1.303–1.722 | 63.421 | NS |