Parameter | 18–22 weeks | 28–32 weeks | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
T1DM | Controls | T1DM | Controls | |
EFW (Hadlock) | 415 (371–455) | 415 (378–456) | 1737 (1565–1941) | 1691 (1551–1853) |
Umbilical artery PI | 1.09 (0.97–1.22) | 1.09 (1.01–1.16) | 1.00 (0.86–1.07) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) |
Mean uterine artery PI | 0.83 (0.71–1.01) | 0.96 (0.90–1.20) | 0.64 (0.54–0.77) | 0.75 (0.60–0.81) |
Cardiac geometry | ||||
Cardiothoracic ratio (area) | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.43 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.05 |
Heart area (mm2) | 422 ± 79 | 430 ± 84 | 1273 ± 204 | 1138 ± 146* |
Thoracic area (mm2) | 1244 (1097–1311) | 1226 (1113–1369) | 3036 (2728–3292) | 2805 (2628–3088) |
LV-EDD (mm) | 6.24 ± 1.25 | 6.63 ± 1.34 | 10.60 ± 2.00 | 11.10 ± 1.88 |
RV-EDD (mm) | 6.44 ± 1.30 | 6.31 ± 1.21 | 11.51 ± 1.45 | 11.25 ± 2.02 |
RV-EDD/LV-EDD ratio | 1.06 ± 0.23 | 0.98 ± 0.22 | 1.09 (0.90–1.27) | 1.06 (0.89–1.17) |
LV-EDL (mm) | 13.7 (12.6–15.1) | 13.4 (12.8–14.6) | 23.4 (21.3–24.9) | 20.3 (19.7–22.2)* |
RV-EDL (mm) | 11.4 (10.0–12.7) | 11.5 (10.5–12.7) | 19.8 (17.9–21.8) | 17.8 (16.5–19.4) |
RAVV/LAVV ratio | 1.00 ± 0.12 | 0.96 ± 0.12 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 1.03 ± 0.11 |
LV sphericity index | 0.45 (0.39–0.54) | 0.47 (0.41–0.57) | 0.44 (0.38–0.52) | 0.52 (0.47–0.58) |
RV sphericity index | 0.57 (0.49–0.67) | 0.54 (0.50–0.58) | 0.58 (0.51–0.65) | 0.61 (0.51–0.71) |
Relative LV wall thickness | 0.64 (0.50–0.86) | 0.48 (0.43–0.70) | 0.60 (0.44–0.84) | 0.49 (0.37–0.68) |
Relative RV wall thickness | 0.67 (0.52–0.91) | 0.54 (0.42–0.81) | 0.59 (0.45–0.68) | 0.50 (0.39–0.75) |
Relative IVS thickness | 0.68 ± 0.28 | 0.65 ± 0.28 | 0.71 ± 0.26 | 0.60 ± 0.20* |
AV diameter (mm) | 3.70 (3.32–4.01) | 3.70 (3.45–4.30) | 6.00 (5.70–6.70) | 6.51 (5.40–6.95) |
PV diameter (mm) | 4.47 ± 0.51 | 4.54 ± 0.76 | 7.77 ± 0.94 | 7.67 ± 1.26 |
Diastolic function | ||||
LV E (cm/s) | 29.5 (27.5–32.9) | 30.3 (26.0–32.7) | 43.0 (35.6–47.0) | 40.2 (36.7–45.7) |
LV A (cm/s) | 50.0 (44.7–54.7) | 48.1 (41.9–52.2) | 57.2 (50.5–65.1) | 53.1 (45.7–60.4) |
LV E/A | 0.62 ± 0.08 | 0.64 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.11 | 0.78 ± 0.12 |
RV E (cm/s) | 33.7 (30.5–38.2) | 33.3 (30.6–40.0) | 44.1 (38.3–49.2) | 45.2 (40.5–50.3) |
RV A (cm/s) | 51.3 (47.5–57.1) | 50.7 (46.4–56.9) | 66.7 (52.5–69.5) | 55.4 (51.3–61.3) |
RV E/A | 0.65 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.77 ± 0.11 |
Systolic function | ||||
FHR-LV (/min) | 148 (143–152) | 146 (143–151) | 137 (132–146) | 139 (133–145) |
AV PSV (cm/s) | 73.4 (64.0–79.4) | 72.1 (64.1–79.7) | 97.0 (86.4–109.2) | 94.3 (82.6–100.3) |
LV SV (mL) | 0.88 (0.72–1.04) | 0.85 (0.73–1.16) | 3.20 (2.68–4.52) | 3.26 (2.46–4.24) |
LV-CO (mL/min/kg) | 318 (247–388) | 304 (268–400) | 270 (225–332) | 279 (206–340) |
FHR-RV (/min) | 146 (141–152) | 148 (146–153) | 139 (134–146) | 143 (138–146) |
PV PSV velocity (cm/s) | 63.4 (54.6–74.0) | 61.1 (55.8–69.5) | 77.0 (67.8–100.0) | 71.7 (66.8–82.2)* |
RV SV (mL) | 1.14 (0.95–1.33) | 1.04 (0.91–1.41) | 4.97 (3.29–5.86) | 4.08 (3.04–5.17)* |
RV-CO (mL/min/kg) | 398 (348–461) | 374 (322–480) | 378 (301–474) | 317 (276–440) |
Global myocardial performance | ||||
LV MPI | 0.49 (0.43–0.56) | 0.52 (0.42–0.57) | 0.52 ± 0.09 | 0.53 ± 0.13 |
RV MPI | 0.50 (0.44–0.59) | 0.50 (0.44–0.56) | 0.54 ± 0.08 | 0.53 ± 0.12 |