Table 1 Characteristics of the sample (n = 2,575)
Characteristic | Â | Mean/Median/N | SD/% | Range |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age | Â | 31.03 | 4.29 | 18-46 |
Education | Primary | 44 | 1.7% | Â |
| Â | Secondary | 184 | 7.1% | Â |
| Â | Tertiary | 2347 | 91.2% | Â |
Family status | Married | 2362 | 91.7% | Â |
| Â | In relationship | 151 | 5.9% | Â |
| Â | Single | 51 | 2% | Â |
Perceived socioeconomic status | Low-income | 263 | 10.2% | Â |
| Â | Middle-income | 1704 | 66.2% | Â |
| Â | High-income | 608 | 23.6% | Â |
Region of childbirth facility | Moscow | 588 | 22.8% | Â |
| Â | St.Petersburg | 289 | 11.2% | Â |
| Â | Another region in Russia | 1698 | 66% | Â |
Parity | 1 | 1626 | 63.1% | Â |
| Â | 2 | 699 | 27.1% | Â |
| Â | 3+ | 250 | 9.7% | Â |
Number of months from the childbirth to the date of filling in the survey | Â | 5.49 | 3.52 | 0-12 |
Gestational age at birth(weeks) | Â | 39.57 | 1.65 | 25-43 |
Preterm birth (yes) | Â | 99 | 3.8% | Â |
Mode of birth | Vaginal | 1879 | 73% | Â |
| Â | Assisted vaginal (with the use of forceps/vacuum) | 64 | 2.5% | Â |
| Â | Emergency caesarean | 406 | 15.7% | Â |
| Â | Planned caesarean | 226 | 8.8% | Â |
Medical complications during this pregnancy/childbirth (mother) | None | 1428 | 55.4% | Â |
| Â | Minor complications | 1006 | 39.1% | Â |
| Â | Major complications | 141 | 5.5% | Â |
Medical complications during this pregnancy/childbirth (baby) | None | 2082 | 80.9% | Â |
| Â | Minor complications | 415 | 16.1% | Â |
| Â | Major complications | 78 | 3.0% | Â |
At least one medical procedure during labour (yes) | Â | 2111 | 82% | Â |
Type of medical procedures during labour | Amniotomy | 1081 | 41.9% | Â |
| Â | Use of synthetic oxytocin | 721 | 28% | Â |
| Â | Epidural analgesia | 975 | 37.8% | Â |
| Â | Episiotomy | 481 | 18.7% | Â |
| Â | Other medical procedure | 501 | 19.4% | Â |
Total number of medical procedures | Â | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0-5 |
At least one instance of obstetric violence during labour (yes) | Â | 809 | 31.4% | Â |
Type of instance of obstetric violence experienced during labour | Bullying and verbal abuse | 377 | 14.6% | Â |
| Â | Threats and accusations | 172 | 6.7% | Â |
| Â | Denial of pain relief | 129 | 5% | Â |
| Â | Medical procedures without consent | 206 | 8% | Â |
| Â | Kristeller manoeuvre | 165 | 6.4% | Â |
| Â | Other types of obstetric violence | 233 | 9% | Â |
Total number of instances of obstetric violence experienced during labour | Â | 0.00 | 0.87 | 0-6 |
At least one type of lifetime trauma experienced (yes) | Â | 690 | 26.8% | Â |
Type of lifetime traumatic experience | Physical abuse | 205 | 7.9% | Â |
| Â | Sexual abuse | 281 | 10.9% | Â |
| Â | Child abuse | 425 | 16.5% | Â |
Total number of lifetime traumatic types experienced | Â | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0-3 |