| (A) Baseline Model (Unadjusted associations) | (B) Full Model (Adjusted associations) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | P-value | |
Intercept | 0.28 | (0.16, 0.51) |  < 0.001 | 0.20 | (0.11, 0.39) |  < 0.001 |
Age (years) | ||||||
 < 20 years old | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 20–29 years old | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.07) | 0.825 | 1.00 | (0.92, 1.08) | 0.992 |
 30–39 years old | 0.97 | (0.88, 1.07) | 0.563 | 0.97 | (0.88, 1.07) | 0.56 |
 > 40 years old | 1.01 | (0.88, 1.16) | 0.928 | 1.01 | (0.88, 1.16) | 0.856 |
Education Level | ||||||
 No education | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 Some primary | 1.00 | (0.93, 1.08) | 0.962 | 1.00 | (0.93, 1.08) | 0.934 |
 Completed primary | 0.95 | (0.87, 1.04) | 0.282 | 0.96 | (0.88, 1.05) | 0.392 |
 Some secondary | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.14) | 0.392 | 1.06 | (0.97, 1.16) | 0.197 |
 Completed secondary | 1.05 | (0.85, 1.29) | 0.660 | 1.08 | (0.88, 1.32) | 0.484 |
All children currently living (yes) | 0.93 | (0.84, 1.03) | 0.166 | 0.92 | (0.83, 1.02) | 0.11 |
Electricity at home (yes) | 1.06 | (0.99, 1.14) | 0.097 | 1.06 | (0.99, 1.14) | 0.087 |
Drinking Water Source | ||||||
 Surface water | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 Tap pump outside | 1.30 | (0.93, 1.81) | 0.129 | 1.29 | (0.92, 1.81) | 0.135 |
 Well | 1.14 | (0.80, 1.62) | 0.470 | 1.15 | (0.81, 1.63) | 0.449 |
 Tap pump home | 1.35 | (0.95, 1.90) | 0.093 | 1.33 | (0.94, 1.89) | 0.106 |
 Well home | 1.39 | (0.89, 2.18) | 0.145 | 1.44 | (0.92, 2.24) | 0.108 |
 Other | 1.13 | (0.68, 1.88) | 0.634 | 1.12 | (0.67, 1.86) | 0.666 |
Roof Material | ||||||
 Scrap corrugated iron | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 Corrugated iron sheets | 1.02 | (0.94, 1.10) | 0.630 | 1.01 | (0.93, 1.10) | 0.891 |
 Thatched | 0.98 | (0.89, 1.08) | 0.706 | 0.98 | (0.88, 1.08) | 0.622 |
 Tiles / shingles | 1.07 | (0.72, 1.59) | 0.734 | 1.06 | (0.72, 1.57) | 0.764 |
 Other | 0.75 | (0.49, 1.15) | 0.185 | 0.74 | (0.48, 1.14) | 0.177 |
Floor Material | ||||||
 Dirt | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 Plastic mat | 1.08 | (0.82, 1.43) | 0.588 | 1.09 | (0.83, 1.44) | 0.543 |
 Concrete | 0.96 | (0.89, 1.04) | 0.318 | 0.97 | (0.90, 1.05) | 0.454 |
 Tiles | 0.85 | (0.66, 1.10) | 0.219 | 0.87 | (0.67, 1.14) | 0.312 |
 Other | 0.88 | (0.53, 1.46) | 0.614 | 0.88 | (0.53, 1.45) | 0.608 |
District | ||||||
 Kaskazini B | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 Kaskazini A | 1.79 | (1.06, 3.02) | 0.030 | 1.74 | (1.04, 2.92) | 0.034 |
 Kati | 1.05 | (0.60, 1.85) | 0.868 | 1.17 | (0.66, 2.09) | 0.584 |
 Maghribi | 1.33 | (0.76, 2.32) | 0.319 | 1.31 | (0.76, 2.28) | 0.337 |
 Kusini | 1.51 | (0.81, 2.82) | 0.195 | 1.31 | (0.70, 2.44) | 0.396 |
 Mkoani | 1.25 | (0.72, 2.16) | 0.424 | 1.38 | (0.80, 2.40) | 0.251 |
 Wete | 1.21 | (0.68, 2.16) | 0.520 | 1.08 | (0.61, 1.90) | 0.80 |
 Micheweni | 1.57 | (0.90, 2.73) | 0.114 | 1.43 | (0.82, 2.49) | 0.206 |
 Chake Chake | 1.09 | (0.63, 1.88) | 0.759 | 1.12 | (0.65, 1.92) | 0.69 |
HIV Status | ||||||
 Negative | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 Positive | 1.02 | (0.86, 1.21) | 0.826 | 1.02 | (0.86, 1.21) | 0.851 |
 Unknown or Unreported | 0.64 | (0.53, 0.78) |  < 0.001 | 0.71 | (0.59, 0.86) |  < 0.001 |
Parity (births) | ||||||
 0 | Reference |  |  |  |  |  |
 1–2 | 0.94 | (0.88, 1.00) | 0.035 | 0.92 | (0.86, 0.98) | 0.009 |
 3–4 | 0.91 | (0.84, 0.98) | 0.017 | 0.89 | (0.82, 0.96) | 0.004 |
 5–7 | 0.91 | (0.84, 0.99) | 0.031 | 0.90 | (0.82, 0.98) | 0.014 |
 8 +  | 0.85 | (0.75, 0.97) | 0.014 | 0.84 | (0.74, 0.96) | 0.008 |
Previous abortion (yes) | 1.07 | (1.01, 1.14) | 0.017 | 1.08 | (1.01, 1.14) | 0.015 |
Previous stillbirth (yes) | 1.00 | (0.88, 1.15) | 0.953 | 1.01 | (0.88, 1.15) | 0.921 |
Current pregnancy conditions present (yes) | 1.07 | (0.90, 1.26) | 0.460 | 1.06 | (0.90, 1.25) | 0.491 |
Delivery Facility Type | ||||||
 Referral hospital |  |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 Home/In community delivery |  |  |  | 1.37 | (1.06, 1.76) | 0.015 |
 Cottage hospital |  |  |  | 1.54 | (1.17, 2.02) | 0.002 |
 PHCU +  |  |  |  | 1.75 | (1.35, 2.27) |  < 0.001 |
 District hospital |  |  |  | 1.29 | (0.99, 1.68) | 0.064 |
 Delivery Facility Type: Other |  |  |  | 2.26 | (1.38, 3.72) | 0.001 |
Cost From Home to Health Facility (Proxy for Distance) | ||||||
 < 5,000 TSH |  |  |  | Reference |  |  |
 5,000—9,999 TSH |  |  |  | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.08) | 0.509 |
 10,000—14,999 TSH |  |  |  | 1.02 | (0.90, 1.16) | 0.715 |
 15,000- 19,999 TSH |  |  |  | 1.06 | (0.95, 1.20) | 0.311 |
 > 20,000 TSH |  |  |  | 1.07 | (0.95, 1.20) | 0.248 |
Receipt of at least one postpartum phone consultation (yes) |  |  |  | 0.77 | (0.69, 0.87) |  < 0.001 |