Table 3 Results of analysis of variance-covariance (ANOVA-ANCOVA) to investigate the effect of intervention on HAPA subscales

Behavioral intention

(3 items)

Baseline

12.56 (4.52)

9.44 (5.20)

3.12 (1.86; 4.38)

0.64 (0.38; 0.91)

Crude

Post intervention

16.80 (1.35)

9.51 (5.03)

7.29 (6.35; 8.22)

2 (1.69; 2.32)

0.504

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

15.95 (2.44)

10.42 (2.44)

5.53 (4.89; 6.18)

2.27 (1.94; 2.60)

0.551

< 0.001

Risk perception (3 items)

Baseline

16.78 (1.83)

12.47 (2.47)

4.31 (3.76;4.86)

1.98 (1.67; 2.29)

Crude

Post intervention

17.18 (1.34)

13.08 (2.23)

4.11 (3.64; 4.57)

2.23 (1.91; 2.55)

0.56

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

15.60 (1.11)

14.67 (1.11)

0.92 (0.69; 1.25)

0.84 (0.57; 1.10)

0.12

< 0.001

Outcome expectation (4 items)

Baseline

19.96 (3.93)

17.92 (3.08)

2.04 (1.13; 2.94)

0.58 (0.32; 0.84)

Crude

Post intervention

19.26 (1.99)

18.83 (2.86)

0.43 (-0.20; 1.06)

0.18 (-0.08; 0.43)

0.008

0.18

Adjusted

Post intervention

18.73 (1.46)

19.41 (1.47)

-0.68 (-1.07; -0.30)

-0.46 (-0.72; -0.21)

0.05

0.001

Task self-efficacy

(2 items)

Baseline

7.88 (2.96)

7.05 (1.66)

0.83 (0.21; 1.45)

0.34 (0.08; 0.60)

Crude

Post intervention

11.12 (0.92)

7.28 (1.77)

3.84 (3.48; 4.20)

2.82 (2.46; 3.18)

0.668

0.009

Adjusted

Post intervention

11 (1.13)

7.42 (1.13)

3.58 (3.28; 3.87)

3.29 (2.90; 3.69)

0.714

< 0.001

Coping self-efficacy

(2 items)

Baseline

8.31 (2.88)

6.85 (1.90)

1.46 (0.82; 2.09)

0.60 (0.33; 0.86)

Crude

Post intervention

10.55 (1.70)

6.97 (1.87)

3.58 (3.12; 4.04)

2.01 (1.69; 2.32)

0.504

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

10.21 (1.34)

7.34 (1.34)

2.86 (2.51; 3.22)

2.14 (1.82; 2.46)

0.526

< 0.001

Recovery self-efficacy

(2 items)

Baseline

7.80 (2.95)

5.51 (3.32)

2.29 (1.48; 3.10)

0.73 (0.47; 1)

Crude

Post intervention

8.75 (2.93)

5.65 (3.20)

3.11 (2.32; 3.90)

1.01 (0.74; 1.29)

0.206

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

7.84 (1.68)

6.62 (1.68)

1.21 (0.78; 1.66)

0.73 (0.46; 0.99)

0.110

< 0.001

Action planning

(3 items)

Baseline

11.60 (4.51)

10.30 (4.12)

1.29 (0.18; 2.41)

0.30 (0.04; 0.56)

Crude

Post intervention

16.48 (1.08)

10.49 (4.07)

5.99 (5.24; 6.75)

2.04 (1.72; 2.35)

0.513

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

16.20 (2.19)

10.79 (2.19)

5.41 (4.84; 5.98)

2.47 (2.13; 2.81)

0.601

< 0.001

Coping planning

(2 items)

Baseline

7.81 (3.32)

5.42 (3.26)

2.39 (1.54; 3.23)

0.73 (0.46; 0.99)

Crude

Post intervention

11.50 (0.86)

5.74 (3.08)

5.75 (5.18; 6.33)

2.58 (2.23; 2.93)

0.626

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

10.98 (2.57)

6.29 (2.57)

4.69 (4.23; 5.15)

1.83 (1.52; 2.13)

0.634

< 0.001

HAPA total score

(21 items)

Baseline

92.69 (17.96)

75.11 (17.87)

17.59 (12.97; 22.21)

0.98 (0.71; 1.25)

Crude

Post intervention

111.65 (6.24)

77.63 (17.36)

34.03 (30.71; 37.34)

2.66 (2.29; 2.99)

0.638

< 0.001

Adjusted

Post intervention

106.74 (8.05)

82.89 (8.05)

23.86 (21.66; 29.06)

2.96 (2.59; 3.34)

0.664

< 0.001