PREDO (N = 425 mother–child dyads) | ITU (N = 489 mother–child dyads) | ||
---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | p | |
Maternal characteristics | |||
Maternal age, years | 32.5 (5.3) | 34.9 (4.7) | < 0.0001 |
Education | < 0.0001 | ||
Primary or secondary education | 204 (49.0%) | 78 (16.3%) | |
University degree | 212 (51.0%) | 400 (83.7%) | |
Data not available | 9 (2.1%) | 11 (2.3%) | |
Maternal BMI, kg/m2 | 27.0 (6.5) | 23.7 (3.9) | < 0.0001 |
Gestational diabetes during pregnancy | |||
No gestational diabetes | 335 (78.8%) | 392 (80.2%) | 0.62 |
Gestational diabetes | 90 (21.2%) | 97 (19.8%) | |
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy | < 0.0001 | ||
Normotension | 271 (63.8%) | 461 (94.3%) | |
Gestational hypertension | 39 (9.2%) | 7 (1.4%) | |
Preeclampsia | 43 (10.1%) | 15 (3.1%) | |
Chronic hypertension | 72 (17.0%) | 6 (1.2%) | |
Gestational weight gain | 0.07 | ||
Inadequate | 57 (22.5%) | 117 (24.1%) | |
Normal | 77 (30.3%) | 181 (37.2%) | |
Excessive | 119 (47.0%) | 188 (38.7%) | |
Data not available | 172 (40.5%) | 2 (0.4%) | |
Birth outcomes | |||
Child sex | 0.52 | ||
Boy | 228 (53.7%) | 252 (51.5%) | |
Girl | 197 (46.4%) | 237 (48.5%) | |
Delivery mode | 0.99 | ||
Vaginal delivery | 324 (78.8%) | 386 (78.0%) | |
Caesarian section | 87 (21.2%) | 103 (21.1%) | |
Data not available | 14 (3.3%) | ||
Gestational age, weeks | 39.5 (2.0) | 40.0 (1.7) | < 0.0001 |
Term birth | 394 (92.7%) | 468 (95.7%) | 0.06 |
Preterm birth | 31 (7.3%) | 21 (4.3%) | |
Birth weight, grams | 3464.1 (610.6) | 3505.6 (499.1) | 0.05 |
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit | 0.003 | ||
No | 346 (83.0%) | 439 (89.8%) | |
Yes | 71 (17.0%) | 50 (10.2%) | |
Data not available | 8 (1.9%) | ||
Neurodevelopment | |||
Cognitive developmental delay (F80, F81, F83 or ≤ − 2 SD ASQ communication or problem-solving skills)a | 36 (8.5%) | 38 (7.8%) | 0.70 |
Motor developmental delay (F82 or ≤ − 2 SD ASQ fine or gross motor skills)a | 26 (6.1%) | 25 (5.1%) | 0.51 |
Social developmental delay (F84 or ≤ − 2 SD ASQ personal social skills)a | 13 (3.1%) | 17 (3.5%) | 0.73 |
Number of neurodevelopmental delay across the 3 broad areas | 0.10 | ||
No delay in any area | 370 (88.5%) | 424 (86.7%) | |
Delay in any of the areas | 29 (6.9%) | 51 (10.4%) | |
Delay in any 2 of the areas | 15 (3.6%) | 13 (2.7%) | |
Delay in all three areas | 4 (1.0%) | 1 (0.2%) | |
Mean age at neurodevelopmental delay assessment, years | 9.9 (2.4) | 4.7 (1.4) | < 0.0001 |
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development | |||
Receptive language development | 39.3 (2.8) | ||
Data not available | 140 (28.6%) | ||
Expressive language development | 42.1 (3.7) | ||
Data not available | 132 (27.0%) | ||
Fine motor development | 50.8 (4.5) | ||
Data not available | 135 (27.6%) | ||
Gross motor development | 63.6 (2.6) | ||
Data not available | 283 (57.9%) | ||
Cognitive development | 76.6 (3.4) | ||
Data not available | 104 (21.2%) | ||
Mean age at Bayley Scales assessment, years | 3.0 (0.2) | ||
Data not available | 98 (20.%) |