Fig. 1

Interaction of maternal complications and antenatal care on hospital delivery. Logistic regression models adjusted for urban/rural residence, mother’s education, and travel time to the nearest health facility in an emergency: (a) neonatal death, (b) stillbirth. ANC: Antenatal care; ANC4+: Four or more ANC visits; Quality ANC: ANC with six interventions, including counseling on pregnancy danger signs; ANC Danger signs: ANC with counseling on pregnancy danger signs, without necessarily receiving Quality ANC; Other ANC intervention: ANC with one or more of four interventions (blood test, blood pressure taken, urine test, counseling on nutrition), without counseling on pregnancy danger signs; *reference: No intervention or complications