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Table 3 Maternal and neonatal outcomes according to vulnerability indicators (1,168 women delivered between 01/01/2012 and 31/12/2018 in Jean Verdier University hospital, France)

From: Impact of experiencing multiple vulnerabilities on fetal growth and complications in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy

 

Psychosocial deprivationa

Food insecurityb

French language proficiencyc

 

Total (n = 1,168)

No (n = 515)

Yes (n = 653)

No (n = 728)

Yes (n = 159)

Good (n = 734)

Poor (n = 179)

Primary outcome

 Fetal growth

  

(p = 0.3)

 

(p = 0.7)

 

(p = 0.02)

 SGA

133 (11.4)

51(9.9)

82 (12.6)

80 (11.0)

21 (13.2)

30 (10.8)

84 (11.4)

 AGA

893 (76.5)

397 (77.1)

496 (76.0)

555 (76.2)

120 (75.5)

228 (81.7)

548 (74.7)

 LGA

142 (12.2)

67 [13]

75 (11.5)

93 (12.8)

18 (11.3)

21 (7.5)

102 (13.9)

Secondary maternal outcomes

 Hypertensive disorders

79 (6.8)

35 (6.8)

44 (6.7)

46 (6.3)

16 (10.1)

57 (7.8)

11 (3.9)

 Pre-eclampsia

38 (3.3)

17 (3.3)

21 (3.2)

21 (2.9)

8 (5.0)

28 (3.8)

4 (1.4)

 Caesarian section

304 [26]

132 (25.6)

172 (26.3)

201 (27.6)

42 (26.4)

200 (27.2)

66(23.7)

Secondary neonatal outcomes

 Shoulder dystocia

1(0.1)

1 (0.2)

0 (0)

1 (0.1)

0 (0)

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

 Preterm birth

75 (6.4)

32 (6.2)

43 (6.6)

51 (7.0)

9 (5.7)

54 (7.4)

13 (4.7)

 Hypoglycemia

23 (2.0)

10 (1.9)

13 (2.0)

16 (2.2)

3 (1.9)

12 (1.6)

7 (2.5)

 Neonatal death and stillbirth

2 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.2)

2 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

2 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

  1. Comparisons between groups (with or without vulnerability) were performed with Pearson’s Chi-squared test, none was significant. SGA small-for-gestational-age, AGA  Appropriate-for-gestational-age, LGA Large-for-gestational-age
  2. aPsychosocial insecurity was defined as an EPICES score > 30.17
  3. bFood insecurity was defined when participants answered: ‘sometimes not enough to eat’ (option 3) or ‘often not enough to eat’ (option 4) to the question “Which of these statements best describes the food eaten in your household? “
  4. cFrench language proficiency was self-reported as poor, moderate, or good. We subsequently created a binary variable as follows: poor which combined ‘poor’ and ‘moderate’ proficiency, and good for ‘good’ proficiency