Comparing body image dissatisfaction between pregnant women and non-pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 4 Summary of demographic details of each study included in the meta-analysis

Study authors	Age; M(SD)		Gravidity	Country
	Pregnant	Non-pregnant	Primigravid (First pregnancy)
Chan et al. (2020) [31]	31.97 (4.10)**		52%	China (Hong Kong)
Clark and Ogden (1999) [60]	27.96 (4.75)	26.56 (3.24)	100%	England
Crossland et al. (2022)* [55]	32.2 (4.9)	32.7 (5.44)	55%	UK
Davies and Wardle (1994) [57]	30.13 (5.23)	29.18 (6.16)	Average 0.8 children	England
Duncombe et al. (2008) [56]	31.7 (3.7)**		45.10%	Australia
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al. (2020) [65]	29.76 (3.26)**		41%	US and UK
Gough (1998) [64]	31 (3.8)**		66%	England
Harrison et al. (2019)* [63]	19.43 (2.85)	19.97 (2.72)	Information not provided	Canada
Inanir et al. (2015)* [36]	24.8 (5.1)	26.23 (4.9)	Information not provided	Turkey
Lombardo (2001)* [61]	28.4 31 (3.41)**		100%	USA
Loth et al. (2011)* [14]	25.83 (SD not stated)**		44.1%	USA
McCarthy (1998)* [70]	26.5	30	100%	USA
Meireles et al. (2021) [66] and Hudson et al. (2021)* [67]	29.00 (4.77)	20.77 (2.30)	55.40%	Brazil
Pascoal et al. (2019) [62]	31.93 (3.45)**		58.10%	Portugal
Pieta et al. (2021)* [58]	31.94 (4.6)	31.05 (8.57)	29.8%	Poland
Ruggieri et al. (1979) [59]	30 (SD not stated)**		Information not provided	Italy
Skouteris et al. (2005) [12]	31.63 (3.44)**		49%	Australia

Note. *Scores inverted so that high scores in all studies represent high body dissatisfaction. ** studies reported combined age data for the two groups

ISSN: 1471-2393