| 2006 | 2011 | 2017–18 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delivered at home | Delivered at home | Delivered at home | |||||||
n (%) | NO | YES | N | NO | YES | n% | NO | YES | |
Total | 1456 (100) | 49.44 | 50.56 | 2873 (100) | 68.65 | 31.35 | 3466 (100) | 78.63 | 21.37 |
Age (years) | P = 0.560 |  |  | P ≤ 0.005 |  |  | P = 0.300 |  |  |
15–24 | 433 (29.73) | 47.72 | 52.28 | 705 (24.53) | 69.35 | 30.65 | 952 (27.47) | 78.36 | 21.64 |
25–34 | 693 (47.60) | 51.45 | 48.55 | 1436 (49.97) | 71.60 | 28.40 | 1634 (47.16) | 79.10 | 20.90 |
35 +  | 330 (22.67) | 47.45 | 52.55 | 733 (25.50) | 62.18 | 37.35 | 879 (25.37) | 78.03 | 21.97 |
Education | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
None or pre-primary | 537 (36.87) | 30.76 | 69.24 | 833 (29.00) | 43.48 | 56.52 | 774 (22.34) | 67.24 | 32.76 |
Primary | 320 (21.98) | 46.56 | 53.44 | 642 (22.34) | 67.24 | 32.76 | 729 (21.02) | 72.97 | 27.03 |
JHS | 496 (34.05) | 63.99 | 36.01 | 1007 (35.04) | 80.01 | 19.99 | 1341 (38.70) | 81.02 | 18.98 |
Secondary and above | 103 (7.09) | 85.58 | 14.42 | 391 (13.62) | 95.33 | 4.67 | 622 (17.94) | 94.28 | 5.72 |
Polygyny | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
Never/ formerly married | 165 (11.33) | 59.24 | 40.76 | 293 (10.19) | 75.05 | 24.95 | 592 (17.08) | 77.61 | 22.39 |
In one union | 1,027 (70.52) | 51.36 | 48.64 | 2112 (73.52) | 72.01 | 27.99 | 2331 (67.25) | 81.27 | 18.73 |
Have co-wives | 264 (18.14) | 35.85 | 64.15 | 468 (16.29) | 49.47 | 50.53 | 543 (15.66) | 68.37 | 31.63 |
Wanted last-child | P = 0.060 |  |  | P = 0.107 |  |  | P = 0.109 |  |  |
Yes | 884 (60.74) | 51.34 | 48.66 | 1630 (56.74) | 69.30 | 30.70 | 1711 (49.37) | 79.75 | 20.25 |
Later/No More/others | 572 (39.26) | 46.50 | 53.50 | 1243 (43.26) | 67.79 | 32.21 | 1755 (50.63) | 77.53 | 22.47 |
Parity | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
Primiparous | 321 (22.04) | 62.47 | 37.53 | 619 (21.54) | 86.73 | 13.27 | 791 (22.82) | 84.60 | 15.40 |
Double | 301 (20.65) | 55.34 | 44.66 | 527 (18.33) | 72.72 | 27.28 | 660 (19.05) | 81.63 | 18.37 |
Multiparous | 834 (57.30) | 42.30 | 57.70 | 1727 (60.13) | 60.93 | 39.07 | 2015 (58.13) | 75.29 | 24.71 |
ANC attendance | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
less than 4 times | 389 (26.71) | 25.26 | 74.74 | 384 (13.38) | 32.89 | 67.11 | 519 (14.98) | 51.66 | 48.37 |
4–7 times | 717 (49.23) | 50.75 | 49.25 | 1436 (49.98) | 66.55 | 33.45 | 2031 (58.61) | 80.60 | 19.40 |
8 times and more | 350 (24.06) | 73.58 | 26.42 | 1053 (36.64) | 84.57 | 15.43 | 915 (26.41) | 89.55 | 10.45 |
Previous child loss experience | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
No | 1085 (74.51) | 52.09 | 47.91 | 2186 (76.08) | 72.07 | 27.93 | 2849 (82.20) | 79.85 | 20.15 |
Yes | 371 (25.49) | 41.68 | 58.32 | 687 (23.92) | 57.75 | 42.25 | 617 (17.80) | 72.99 | 27.01 |
Health Insurance |  |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
Uninsured | — | — | — | 773 (26.89) | 55.51 | 44.49 | 1311 (37.82) | 69.11 | 30.89 |
Insured | — | — | — | 2100 (73.11) | 73.48 | 26.52 | 2155 (62.18) | 84.41 | 15.59 |
Household wealth | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
Poorest | 335 (23.00) | 22.88 | 77.12 | 637 (22.16) | 38.92 | 61.08 | 747 (21.55) | 63.17 | 36.83 |
Poorer | 347 (23.86) | 32.34 | 67.66 | 621 (21.61) | 58.68 | 41.32 | 694 (20.03) | 70.95 | 29.05 |
Middle | 277 (19.04) | 45.78 | 54.22 | 568 (19.79) | 70.60 | 29.40 | 676 (19.51) | 77.67 | 22.33 |
Richer | 286 (19.61) | 74.70 | 25.30 | 517 (17.98) | 85.53 | 14.47 | 709 (20.45) | 87.04 | 12.96 |
Richest | 211 (14.50) | 90.33 | 9.67 | 530 (18.46) | 97.48 | 2.52 | 640 (18.46) | 96.69 | 3.31 |
Urban–Rural residence | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
Urban | 498 (34.21) | 77.76 | 22.24 | 1214 (42.25) | 88.01 | 11.99 | 1464 (42.25) | 90.17 | 9.83 |
Rural | 958 (65.79) | 34.71 | 65.29 | 1659 (57.75) | 54.48 | 45.52 | 2002 (57.75) | 70.18 | 29.82 |
Region | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  | P ≤ 0.001 |  |  |
Western | 154 (10.60) | 39.41 | 60.59 | 306 (10.66) | 63.15 | 36.85 | 400 (11.53) | 78.98 | 21.02 |
Central | 112 (7.70) | 47.25 | 52.75 | 279 (9.72) | 63.81 | 36.19 | 341 (9.83) | 74.75 | 25.25 |
Greater Accra | 177 (12.16) | 83.70 | 16.30 | 451 (15.71) | 89.16 | 10.84 | 332 (9.58) | 93.21 | 6.79 |
Volta | 103 (7.10) | 43.55 | 58.48 | 214 (7.46) | 64.35 | 35.65 | 285 (8.23) | 68.59 | 31.41 |
Eastern | 195 (13.37) | 41.52 | 58.48 | 327 (11.37) | 78.58 | 21.42 | 402 (11.60) | 78.56 | 21.44 |
Ashanti | 222 (15.22) | 59.65 | 40.35 | 511 (17.78) | 75.78 | 24.22 | 788 (22.73) | 81.72 | 18.28 |
Brong Ahafo | 115 (7.87) | 57.23 | 42.77 | 258 (8.99) | 62.10 | 37.90 | 330 (9.51) | 86.64 | 13.36 |
Northern | 278 (19.10) | 34.62 | 65.38 | 321 (11.17) | 38.51 | 61.49 | 388 (11.19) | 58.33 | 41.67 |
Upper East | 61 (4.16) | 43.60 | 56.40 | 120 (4.17) | 66.45 | 33.55 | 112 (3.25) | 94.93 | 5.07 |
Upper West | 40 (2.72) | 29.08 | 70.92 | 85 (2.97) | 62.13 | 37.87 | 88 (2.55) | 80.77 | 19.23 |