Table 2 Frequency and percentage distribution of infant mortality by study population characteristics
From: Optimum maternal healthcare service utilization and infant mortality in Ethiopia
Variable | Infant mortality | Total births | IMR (per 1000) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (n = 246) | No (n = 7344) | |||
Infant sex | ||||
 Male | 181 (73.6) | 3759 (51.2) | 3940 (51.9) | 23.8 |
 Female | 65 (24.4) | 3585 (48.8) | 3650 (48.1) | 8.6 |
Type of birth | ||||
 Singleton | 213 (86.6) | 7257 (98.8) | 7470 (98.4) | 28.1 |
 Multiple | 33 (13.4) | 87 (1.2) | 120 (1.6) | 4.3 |
Reported birth weight | ||||
 Above average | 86 (35.0) | 2313 (31.5) | 2399 (31.6) | 11.3 |
 Average | 78 (31.7) | 3069 (41.8) | 3147 (41.5) | 10.3 |
 Below average | 82 (33.3) | 1962 (26.7) | 2044 (26.9) | 10.8 |
Preceding birth interval | ||||
 First birth | 38 (15.4) | 1408 (19.2) | 1446 (19.1) | 5.0 |
  < 24 months | 56 (22.8) | 1020 (13.9) | 1076 (14.2) | 7.4 |
 24–59 months | 118 (48.0) | 3857 (52.5) | 3975 (52.4) | 15.5 |
  ≥ 60 months | 34 (13.8) | 1057 (14.4) | 1091 (14.4) | 4.5 |
Maternal age (years) | ||||
 15–24 | 58 (23.6) | 1747 (23.8) | 1805 (23.8) | 7.6 |
 25–34 | 110 (44.7) | 3716 (50.6) | 3826 (50.4) | 14.5 |
 35–49 | 78 (31.7) | 1881 (25.6) | 1959 (25.8) | 10.3 |
Maternal education | ||||
 No education | 161 (65.4) | 4630 (63.0) | 4791 (63.0) | 21.2 |
 Primary education | 67 (27.2) | 2082 (28.3) | 21,491 (28.3) | 8.8 |
 Secondary education and above | 18 (7.3) | 632 (8.6) | 650 (8.7) | 2.4 |
Age at first birth (years) | ||||
 Less than 20 | 23 (9.3) | 666 (9.1) | 689 (9.1) | 3.0 |
 20–34 | 160 (65.1) | 5278 (71.9) | 5438 (71.6) | 21.1 |
 35–49 | 63 (25.6) | 1400 (19.1) | 1463 (19.3) | 8.3 |
Total children ever born | ||||
 1 | 30 (12.2) | 1405 (19.1) | 1435 (18.9) | 4.0 |
 2–3 | 83 (33.7) | 2198 (29.9) | 2281 (30.0) | 10.9 |
 4–5 | 36 (14.6) | 1715 23.4) | 1751 (23.1) | 4.7 |
 5+ | 97 (39.4) | 2025 (27.6) | 2122 (38.0) | 12.8 |
Wealth index | ||||
 Poor | 107 (43.5) | 3199 (43.6) | 3306 (43.6) | 14.1 |
 Middle | 46 (18.7) | 1542 (21.0) | 1588 (20.9) | 6.1 |
 Rich | 93 (37.8) | 2603 (35.4) | 2696 (35.5) | 12.3 |
Religion | ||||
 Christian | 117 (47.6) | 4489 (61.1) | 4605 (60.1) | 15.4 |
 Muslim | 129 (52.4) | 2695 (36.7) | 2824 (37.2) | 17 |
 Traditional | 0 (0.0) | 97 (1.3) | 97 (1.3) | 0 |
 Other | 0 (0.0) | 64 (0.9) | 64 (0.8) | 0 |
Number of living children | ||||
 One or less | 82 (33.3) | 1503 (20.5) | 1585 (20.9) | 10.8 |
 2–3 | 62 (25.2) | 2405 (32.7) | 2467 (32.5) | 8.2 |
 4–5 | 46 (18.7) | 1837 (25.0) | 1883 (24.8) | 6.1 |
  ≥ 6 | 56 (22.8) | 1599 (21.8) | 1655 (21.8) | 7.4 |
Number of pregnancy losses (miscarriage, abortion or stillbirth) and child deaths | ||||
 None | 83 (33.7) | 5229 (71.2) | 5312 (70.0) | 10.9 |
 1 | 93 (37.8) | 1435 (19.5) | 1528 (20.1) | 12.3 |
 2 | 49 (19.9) | 452 (6.2) | 501 (6.6) | 6.5 |
  ≥ 3 | 21 (8.5) | 228 (3.1) | 249 (3.3) | 2.8 |
Head of household | ||||
 Male | 215 (87.4) | 6259 (85.2) | 6474 (85.3) | 28.3 |
 Female | 31 (12.6) | 1085 (14.8) | 1116 (14.7) | 4.1 |
Region | ||||
 Tigray | 12 (4.9) | 525 (7.1) | 537 (7.1) | 1.6 |
 Afar | 3 (1.2) | 68 (0.9) | 71 (1.0) | 0.4 |
 Amhara | 49 (19.9) | 1584 (21.6) | 1633 (21.5) | 6.5 |
 Oromia | 118 (48.0) | 3, 011 (41.0) | 3129 (41.2) | 15.5 |
 Somali | 13 (5.3) | 256 (3.5) | 269 (3.5) | 1.7 |
 Benishangul | 2 (0.8) | 79 (1.1) | 81 (1.1) | 0.3 |
 SNNPR | 43(17.5) | 1557 (21.2) | 1600 (21.1) | 5.7 |
 Gambela | 1 (0.4) | 20 (0.3) | 21 (0.3) | 0.1 |
 Harari | 1 (0.4) | 17 (0.2) | 18 (0.2) | 0.1 |
 Addis Ababa | 3 (1.2) | 195 (2.7) | 198 (2.6) | 0.4 |
 Dire Dawa | 1 (0.4) | 32 (0.4) | 33 (0.4) | 0.1 |
Residence | ||||
 Urban | 22 (8.9) | 947 (12.9) | 969 (12.8) | 2.9 |
 Rural | 224 (91.1) | 6397 (87.1) | 6621 (87.2) | 29.5 |
Maternal decision-making autonomy | ||||
 No | 112 (45.5) | 2563 (34.9) | 2675 (35.2) | 14.8 |
 Yes | 134 (54.5) | 4781 (65.1) | 4915 (64.8) | 17.7 |
Maternal employment | ||||
 Employed | 122 (49.6) | 3957 (53.9) | 4079 (53.7) | 16.1 |
 Unemployed | 124 (50.4) | 3388 (46.1) | 3512 (46.3) | 16.3 |
Access to media | ||||
 No access | 138 (56.1) | 4832 (65.8) | 4970 (65.5) | 18.2 |
 Less than once a week | 55 (22.4) | 1080 (14.7) | 1135 (15.0) | 7.2 |
 At least once a week | 54 (22.0) | 1432 (19.5) | 1486 (19.5) | 7.1 |
MHCI | ||||
 None | 93 (38.8) | 1931 (26.3) | 2024 (26.7) | 12.3 |
 Low | 89 (36.2) | 3078 (41.9) | 3167 (41.7) | 11.7 |
 Medium | 36 (14.6) | 996 (13.6) | 1032 (13.6) | 4.7 |
 High | 28 (11.4) | 1339 (18.2) | 1367 (18.0) | 3.7 |
Contextual region | ||||
 Agrarian | 225 (91.5) | 6793 (92.5) | 7018 (92.5) | 29.6 |
 Pastoralist | 16 (6.5) | 24 (4.4) | 340 (4.5) | 2.1 |
 City dweller | 5 (2.0) | 227 (3.1) | 232 (3.0) | 0.7 |