Factors associated with macrosomia, hypoglycaemia and low Apgar score among Fijian women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Table 1 Maternal Characteristics of Fijian women with GDM

Study characteristics	n = 255	%
Maternal sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)	30.7 ± 5.5
18–25	46	18.0
26–35	160	62.8
≥ 36	49	19.2
Race/ethnicity
Others^§	22	8.6
Itaukei Fijians	126	49.4
FIDs	107	42.0
Educational level^ǂ
Non-tertiary (primary/secondary)	157	62.8
Tertiary (university/polytechnic)	93	37.2
Marital status
Not married	30	11.8
Married	225	88.2
Gravidity (number of pregnancies)
Primigravid (first pregnancy)	34	13.3
Multiparous (2/more children)	177	69.4
Grand multiparous (≥5 children)	44	17.3
Maternal risk factors (yes, no)
Family history of diabetes
Yes	128	50.2
No	127	49.8
Previous history of GDM
Yes	11	4.3
No	244	95.7
Previous baby > 4 kg
Yes	55	21.6
No	200	78.4
Previous stillbirth
Yes	11	4.3
No	244	95.7
Previous neonatal death
Yes	10	3.9
No	245	96.1
Maternal BMI (kg/m²)^ǂ	33.2 ± 7.5
Underweight/normal (< 25)	35	14.9
Overweight (25–29.9)	40	17.0
Obese (classes 1–3, ≥30.0)	160	68.1
Antenatal factors (weeks)
Gestational age at booking	18.9 ± 7.5
1st trimester (0–13)	79	31.0
2nd trimester (14–27)	134	52.6
3rd trimester (≥28)	42	16.5
Gestational age at GDM diagnosis	25.6 ± 7.8
1st trimester (0–13)	26	10.2
2nd trimester (14–27)	111	43.5
3rd trimester (≥27)	118	46.3
Gestational age at delivery	38.3 ± 2.2
< 37	44	17.2
37–41	211	82.8
Maternal post-pregnancy factors
Mode of delivery
Vaginal delivery	173	67.8
Caesarean section	82	32.2
Induced labour
Yes	98	38.4
No	157	61.6
Preeclampsia
Yes	48	18.8
No	207	81.2
Polyhydramnios
Yes	2	0.8
No	253	99.2
Infection^ǂ
Yes	3	1.2
No	251	98.8

BMI body mass index, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus, FIDs Fijians of Indian Descent
^§others means part-Europeans, Chinese, and other Pacific Islanders
^ǂthere were few missing data, so the denominator was less than 255

ISSN: 1471-2393