Table 3 Proportion of institutional-based cesarean section and its association with selected covariates in respective survey waves
From: Trends and correlates of cesarean section rates over two decades in Nepal
| Â | Cesarean section (weighted %) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1996 N = 334 | 2001 N = 235 | 2006 N = 854 | 2011 N = 1682 | 2016 N = 2485 | |
Age of women | |||||
 ≤ 19 | 4 (13.0) | 1 (5.9) | 14 (16.0) | 10 (6.0) | 24 (9.5) |
 20–29 | 25 (10.1) | 12 (4.4) | 71 (16.1) | 143 (12.3) | 243 (15.8) |
 ≥ 30 | 5 (10.1) | 6 (8.5) | 26 (14.4) | 61 (18.6) | 99 (21.4) |
p-value | 0.729 | 0.766 | 0.896 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
Religion | |||||
 Hindus | 31 (11.1) | 16 (7.2) | 97 (14.9) | 189 (13.2) | 311 (16.2) |
 Non-Hindus | 3 (5.9) | 3 (10.2) | 14 (20.1) | 25 (11.8) | 55 (17.6) |
p-value | 0.189 | < 0.05 | 0.489 | 0.697 | 0.642 |
Education | |||||
 No education | 15 (13.1) | 9 (7.8) | 21 (13.8) | 28 (8.8) | 52 (12.1) |
 Primary or less | 4 (5.9) | 1 (2.7) | 20 (16.2) | 35 (13.3) | 46 (11.3) |
 Secondary + | 15 (9.4) | 9 (8.8) | 70 (16.5) | 151 (14.6) | 268 (19.2) |
p-value | 0.050 | 0.307 | 0.750 | 0.069 | < 0.001 |
Residence | |||||
 Rural | 18 (9.6) | 8 (4.5) | 56 (14.0) | 100 (10.9) | 106 (13.7) |
 Urban | 16 (11.8) | 11 (23.7) | 55 (19.1) | 114 (22.0) | 260 (17.9) |
p-value | 0.391 | < 0.001 | 0.148 | < 0.001 | < 0.05 |
Age at first birth | |||||
 ≤ 19 | 13 (8.8) | 5 (4.1) | 38 (11.0) | 64 (8.7) | 119 (10.7) |
 20–29 | 17 (9.8) | 13 (10.2) | 65 (18.4) | 139 (15.7) | 228 (20.2) |
 ≥ 30 | 4 (42.6) | 1 (53.6) | 8 (42.8) | 11 (35.8) | 19 (45.2) |
p-value | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Birth order | |||||
 Second + | 13 (7.1) | 9 (5.2) | 39 (10.5) | 107 (12.2) | 164 (14.2) |
 First | 21 (15.3) | 10 (11.4) | 72 (21.0) | 107 (13.8) | 202 (18.7) |
p-value | < 0.01 | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | 0.382 | < 0.05 |
Occupation | |||||
 Not working | 15 (8.7) | 7 (10.0) | 60 (24.0) | 102 (16.5) | 164 (18.4) |
 Working | 19 (11.7) | 12 (0.67) | 51 (11.0) | 112 (10.6) | 202 (14.9) |
p-value | 0.098 | 0.121 | < 0.001 | < 0.01 | 0.061 |
Wealth index | |||||
 Poorest | 7 (10.2) | 6 (10.8) | 6 (10.6) | 12 (9.2) | 27 (7.4) |
 Poorer | 10 (13.1) | 4 (9.5) | 6 (7.3) | 9 (2.8) | 40 (9.2) |
 Middle | 4 (6.3) | 3 (4.2) | 8 (9.3) | 34 (13.6) | 63 (12.6) |
 Richer | 6 (11.5) | 3 (7.7) | 17 (10.0) | 48 (13.0) | 89 (14.0) |
Richest | 7 (9.5) | 3 (6.4) | 74 (22.8) | 111 (18.4) | 147 (32.4) |
p-value | 0.453 | 0.176 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Size of the baby | |||||
 Average | 12 (17.0) | 10 (6.1) | 56 (11.7) | 136 (11.8) | 224 (15.0) |
 Large | 19 (6.9) | 4 (6.8) | 35 (23.2) | 49 (16.3) | 75 (21.4) |
 Small | 3 (6.4) | 5 (11.1) | 19 (18.9) | 28 (12.9) | 67 (16.8) |
p-value | < 0.001 | 0.243 | < 0.05 | 0.305 | < 0.05 |
Place of delivery | |||||
 Government | 27 (10.9) | 10 (9.1) | 71 (15.7) | 112 (9.4) | 138 (12.9) |
 Private/others | 7 (8.9) | 9 (6.6) | 40 (15.7) | 102 (21.5) | 228 (26.3) |
p-value | 0.558 | < 0.05 | 0.992 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
ANC Visits | |||||
 Less than 4 | 15 (8.5) | 127 (4.6) | 29 (11.0) | 32 (9.6) | 44 (12.0) |
 4 or more | 19 (12.7) | 107 (10.4) | 82 (18.8) | 182 (14.1) | 322 (17.4) |
p-value | 0.154 | < 0.05 | < 0.05 | 0.081 | < 0.05 |
Region | |||||
 Far western | 1 (2.2) | 2 (7.3) | 8 (7.6) | 18 (6.3) | 23 (5.5) |
 Eastern | 10 (17.6) | 4 (8.4) | 21 (13.4) | 61 (16.1) | 105 (19.1) |
 Central | 14 (8.2) | 13 (15.1) | 40 (17.9) | 15 (16.7) | 96 (19.4) |
 Western | 5 (9.2) | 0 (0) | 30 (18.3) | 43 (9.5) | 110 (20.2) |
 Mid-western | 4 (11.1) | 0 (0) | 12 (11.1) | 27 (7.5) | 32 (5.8) |
p-value | < 0.05 | < 0.01 | 0.204 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |