Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the study population and univariable association of the exposure variables with the outcome variables
From: Dimensions of women’s empowerment on access to skilled delivery services in Nepal
Variables | Weighted Frequency (%) (N = 4400) | Delivery assisted by skilled Professionals (%) (N = 2353) | Delivery assisted by unskilled Professionals (%) (N = 2047) | P value for X2 test |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
Below 25 | 2243 (51.0) | 1276 (29.0) | 967 (22.0) | 0.006 |
26 to 30 years | 1376 (31.3) | 695 (15.8) | 682 (15.5) | |
31 and above | 781 (17.8) | 382 (8.7) | 399 (9.1) | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Other Caste | 1129 (25.7) | 583 (13.3) | 546 (12.4) | 0.018 |
Dalit | 565 (12.8) | 261 (5.9) | 304 (6.9) | |
Janajati | 1445 (32.8) | 759 (17.2) | 686 (15.6) | |
Brhamin and Kshetri | 1261 (28.7) | 750 (17.0) | 512 (11.6) | |
Type of place of residence | ||||
Urban | 2456 (53.8) | 1497 (34.0) | 959 (21.8) | 0.000 |
Rural | 1944 (44.2) | 856 (19.4) | 1088 (24.7) | |
Ecological zone | ||||
Mountain | 313 (7.1) | 128 (2.9) | 186 (4.2) | 0.131 |
Hill | 1728 (39.3) | 931 (21.2) | 979 (18.1) | |
Terai | 2359 (53.6) | 1294 (29.4) | 1065 (24.2) | |
Birth order | ||||
1 | 1865 (42.4) | 1228 (27.9) | 637 (14.5) | 0.000 |
2–3 | 1919 (43.6) | 939 (21.3) | 980 (22.3) | |
4–5 | 457 (10.4) | 135 (3.1) | 321 (7.3) | |
6+ | 160 (3.6) | 50 (1.1) | 110 (2.5) | |
Women’s empowerment | ||||
Socio-cultural Empowerment | ||||
Highest educational level | ||||
No education | 1384 (31.5) | 508 (11.5) | 876 (19.9) | 0.000 |
Primary | 856 (19.5) | 404 (9.2) | 452 (10.3) | |
Secondary | 1502 (34.1) | 936 (21.3) | 566 (12.9) | |
Higher | 658 (15.0) | 505 (11.5) | 153 (3.5) | |
Attitude towards wife beating | ||||
Negative attitude | 3148 (71.5) | 1740 (39.5) | 1408 (32.0) | 0.012 |
Positive attitude | 1253 (28.5) | 613 (13.9) | 640 (14.5) | |
Knowledge on property | ||||
Unknown | 253 (5.8) | 139 (3.2) | 114 (2.6) | |
Known | 4147 (94.2) | 2214 (50.3) | 1933 (43.9) | 0.689 |
Economic empowerment | ||||
Occupation of Women | ||||
Not working | 1811 (41.2) | 1035 (23.5) | 777 (17.7) | 0.000 |
Agriculture | 1955 (44.4) | 889 (20.2) | 1066 (24.2) | |
Other occupations | 634 (14.4) | 429 (9.8) | 205 (4.7) | |
Property possession | ||||
Not owned | 3994 (90.8) | 2082 (47.3) | 1912 (43.5) | |
Owned | 406 (9.2) | 270 (6.1) | 136 (3.1) | 0.000 |
Owns bank account | ||||
No | 2801 (63.7) | 1347 (30.6) | 1454 (33.0) | |
Yes | 1599 (36.3) | 1005 (22.8) | 594 (13.5) | 0.000 |
Empowerment on media/information technology | ||||
Media exposure | ||||
No access | 1967 (44.7) | 814 (18.5) | 1152 (26.2) | |
Medium access | 1757 (39.9) | 1046 (23.8) | 710 (16.1) | 0.000 |
High access | 677 (15.3) | 492 (11.2) | 185 (4.2) | |
Internet use | ||||
Never | 3516 (79.9) | 1669 (37.9) | 1847 (42.0) | |
Sometimes | 884 (20.1) | 684 (15.5) | 200 (4.6) | 0.000 |
Familial/Interpersonal empowerment | ||||
Decision making | ||||
Low | 2438 (55.4) | 1252 (28.5) | 1186 (26.9) | 0.016 |
High | 1962 (44.6) | 1100 (25.0) | 862 (19.6) | |