Table 3 Characteristics of Antenatal Care and Skilled Birth Attendance of Study Population by Country
Maternal careseeking characteristics | Cambodia N = 3037 | Kenya N = 2805 | Zambia N = 1171 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I N = 1261 | C N = 1776 | p value | I N = 1590 | C N = 1215 | p value | I N = 634 | C N = 537 | p value | |
n(%) | n(%) | Â | n(%) | n(%) | Â | n(%) | n(%) | Â | |
Antenatal care (ANC) | |||||||||
 Received ≥ 4 facility ANC visits | 997 (81.2) | 949 (58) | < 0.001 | 1048 (70.5) | 645 (62.7) | < 0.001 | 321 (59.6) | 254 (73.2) | < 0.001 |
 Month of 1st ANC visit (mean) | 2.4 | 2.7 | < 0.001 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 0.014 | 4.2 | 3.8 | < 0.001 |
  1st trimester | 994 (81.4) | 1187 (73.3) | < 0.001 | 419 (28.8) | 302 (29.9) | 0.595 | 165 (30.8) | 177 (51.1) | < 0.001 |
  2nd trimester | 212 (17.4) | 391 (24.2) | < 0.001 | 942 (64.7) | 654 (64.8) | 0.908 | 356 (66.4) | 167 (48.3) | < 0.001 |
  3rd trimester | 15 (1.2) | 40 (2.5) | 0.013 | 95 (6.5) | 54 (5.3) | 0.210 | 15 (2.8) | 2 (0.6) | 0.007 |
ANC services received | |||||||||
 ANC Services Index Score b | 9.2 | 7.8 | < 0.001 | 10.0 | 9.8 | < 0.001 | 9.9 | 9.2 | < 0.001 |
 2 tetanus toxoid vaccination | 533 (42.5) | 715 (42.1) | 0.826 | 420 (27.2) | 249 (23.6) | 0.043 | 83 (14.1) | 95 (18.9) | 0.034 |
 Iron and folic acid | 1242 (99.1) | 1638 (96.4) | < 0.001 | 1436 (94.1) | 776 (71.1) | < 0.001 | 567 (97.4) | 474 (97.5) | 0.006 |
 Antimalarials | 19 (1.5) | 17 (1.0) | 0.222 | 1094 (71) | 783 (74.4) | 0.053 | 568 (96.4) | 480 (95.8) | 0.595 |
 Weight measurement | 1172 (93.7) | 1468 (90.1) | < 0.001 | 1506 (99.3) | 938 (90.2) | < 0.001 | 577 (99.5) | 396 (99) | < 0.001 |
 Blood pressure measured | 1222 (97.5) | 1481 (87.2) | < 0.001 | 1468 (96.8) | 825 (79.3) | < 0.001 | 539 (92.9) | 386 (96.5) | < 0.001 |
 Urine test | 671 (53.6) | 396 (23.3) | < 0.001 | 1355 (89.4) | 712 (68.4) | < 0.001 | 177 (30.5) | 175 (43.8) | 0.651 |
 Blood test | 1072 (85.6) | 995 (58.6) | < 0.001 | 1327 (87.5) | 664 (63.8) | < 0.001 | 560 (96.6) | 383 (95.6) | < 0.001 |
 Nutrition advice | 1184 (94.7) | 1466 (90) | < 0.001 | 1240 (81.6) | 809 (78.6) | 0.063 | 552 (95.3) | 366 (92) | 0.038 |
 Counseling on pregnancy complications and danger signs | 1144 (91.3) | 1359 (80.4) | < 0.001 | 1331 (86.6) | 813 (77.1) | < 0.001 | 546 (93.5) | 451 (91.5) | 0.215 |
 Informed about where to go if pregnancy-related complications develop | 1133 (99.1) | 1341 (98.1) | 0.019 | 1328 (99.5) | 796 (98.2) | 0.006 | 548 (99.3) | 453 (99.1) | 0.790 |
 Informed about PMTCTc | 1048 (84) | 1260 (74.7) | < 0.001 | 1511 (98.1) | 1004 (95.8) | 0.002 | 560 (94.4) | 490 (98) | 0.002 |
 Offered HIV test | 1061 (84.7) | 1139 (67.0) | < 0.001 | 1522 (98.7) | 1033 (98.1) | 0.318 | 591 (100) | 491 (98.4) | 0.083 |
Delivery care | |||||||||
 Skilled birth attendance | 1249 (99.1) | 1505 (84.8) | < 0.001 | 1460 (92.8) | 1082 (91.7) | 0.348 | 593 (94.1) | 510 (95.3) | 0.288 |
  Doctor | 157 (12.5) | 143 (8.1) | < 0.001 | 241 (15.3) | 215 (18.2) | 0.043 | 14 (2.2) | 48 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
  Clinical officer | 0 (0) | 1 (0.06) | 0.317 | 245 (15.6) | 103 (8.7) | < 0.001 | 23 (3.6) | 66 (12.4) | < 0.001 |
  Nurse | 3 (0.24) | 6 (0.33) | 0.608 | 900 (57.2) | 714 (60.7) | 0.073 | 490 (77.8) | 280 (52.2) | < 0.001 |
  Midwife | 1089 (86.4) | 1355 (76.3) | < 0.001 | 74 (4.7) | 50 (4.2) | 0.563 | 66 (10.5) | 116 (21.7) | < 0.001 |
 Unskilled birth attendance | 12 (0.9) | 271 (15.2) | < 0.001 | 122 (7.2) | 107 (8.3) | 0.348 | 41 (5.9) | 27 (4.7) | 0.288 |
  Community health worker | 0 (0) | 20 (1.1) | < 0.001 | 24 (1.5) | 10 (0.8) | 0.098 | 6 (0.9) | 5 (1.0) | 0.978 |
  Relative/friend/neighbor | 1 (0.08) | 5 (0.28) | 0.174 | 34 (2.2) | 40 (3.5) | 0.055 | 19 (3) | 8 (1.6) | 0.078 |
  Traditional birth assistant (TBA) | 9 (0.7) | 235 (13.3) | < 0.001 | 5 (0.3) | 9 (0.8) | 0.125 | 9 (1.5) | 10 (1.9) | 0.556 |
  No one | 1 (0.08) | 11 (0.62) | 0.008 | 50 (3.2) | 37 (3.1) | 0.955 | 3 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 0.385 |