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Table 4 Epidural analgesia provision by maternal birthplace, stratified by parity

From: The provision of epidural analgesia during labor according to maternal birthplace: a Norwegian register study

Spontaneous vaginal delivery

Primiparous women

N 248661

Multiparous women**

N 427035

 Global Burden of Disease

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted OR*

95% CI

P-value

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted OR*

95% CI

P-value

 Norway

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 High-income

1.11

1.07

1.15

< 0.001

1.09

1.05

1.13

< 0.001

1.10

1.06

1.14

< 0.001

1.04

1.00

1.08

0.028

 Europe/Central Asia

1.16

1.12

1.20

< 0.001

1.07

1.03

1.01

< 0.001

0.96

0.92

1.00

0.047

0.83

0.80

0.87

< 0.001

 Sub-Saharan Africa

0.85

0.80

0.90

< 0.001

0.74

0.69

0.79

< 0.001

0.48

0.45

0.51

< 0.001

0.42

0.39

0.44

< 0.001

 North Africa/Middle East

1.08

1.02

1.13

0.004

1.01

0.96

1.06

0.772

0.75

0.71

0.78

< 0.001

0.68

0.65

0.72

< 0.001

 South Asia

1.02

0.94

1.10

0.624

1.01

0.92

1.09

0.963

0.82

0.76

0.87

< 0.001

0.72

0.67

0.78

< 0.001

 East Asia/Pacific

0.75

0.71

0.79

< 0.001

0.74

0.70

0.78

< 0.001

0.59

0.56

0.63

< 0.001

0.53

0.49

0.56

< 0.001

 Latin America/Caribbean

1.93

1.75

2.13

< 0.001

1.83

1.66

2.02

< 0.001

1.74

1.58

1.91

< 0.001

1.44

1.31

1.59

< 0.001

Instrumental vaginal delivery

Primiparous women

N 62565

Multiparous women**

N 19249

Global Burden of Disease

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted OR*

95% CI

P-value

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted OR*

95% CI

P-value

 Norway

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 High-income

1.17

1.09

1.26

< 0.001

1.12

1.04

1.20

0.003

1.25

1.10

1.41

0.001

1.12

0.98

1.28

0.084

 Europe/Central Asia

1.20

1.12

1.28

< 0.001

1.09

1.01

1.17

0.025

1.09

0.96

1.24

0.194

0.98

0.86

1.13

0.828

 Sub-Saharan Africa

0.86

0.77

0.97

0.01

0.78

0.69

0.88

< 0.001

0.57

0.49

0.66

< 0.001

0.52

0.44

0.62

< 0.001

 North Africa/Middle East

1.27

1.15

1.40

< 0.001

1.18

1.06

1.30

0.002

0.82

0.71

0.95

0.009

0.82

0.70

0.97

0.018

  South Asia

1.22

1.05

1.40

0.008

1.14

0.98

1.32

0.089

0.90

0.74

1.11

0.341

0.76

0.61

0.95

0.016

East Asia/Pacific

0.83

0.76

0.90

< 0.001

0.80

0.73

0.87

< 0.001

0.65

0.56

0.75

< 0.001

0.61

0.52

0.71

< 0.001

 Latin America/Caribbean

2.30

1.84

2.87

< 0.001

2.12

1.69

2.66

< 0.001

1.79

1.25

2.55

0.001

1.58

1.09

2.28

0.016

Emergency cesarean delivery

Primiparous women

N 50424

Multiparous women**

N 34562

Global Burden of Disease

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted OR*

95% CI

P-value

Crude OR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted OR*

95% CI

P-value

 Norway

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

Ref.

 

 High-income

1.23

1.14

1.33

< 0.001

1.14

1.05

1.24

0.002

1.22

1.10

1.36

< 0.001

1.07

0.95

1.20

0.254

 Europe/Central Asia

1.19

1.10

1.29

< 0.001

1.03

0.94

1.13

0.503

1.24

1.10

1.38

< 0.001

1.11

0.98

1.25

0.103

 Sub-Saharan Africa

0.80

0.73

0.87

< 0.001

0.82

0.74

0.91

< 0.001

0.85

0.77

0.94

0.001

0.80

0.71

0.90

< 0.001

 North Africa/Middle East

0.92

0.83

1.02

0.109

0.95

0.85

1.07

0.402

0.82

0.73

0.93

0.001

0.81

0.71

0.92

0.002

 South Asia

0.81

0.69

0.94

0.005

0.90

0.76

1.07

0.225

0.89

0.75

1.05

0.158

0.92

0.77

1.11

0.375

 East Asia/Pacific

1.10

1.01

1.20

0.036

1.06

0.97

1.17

0.215

1.13

1.02

1.26

0.023

1.07

0.95

1.21

0.241

 Latin America/Caribbean

1.73

1.47

2.05

< 0.001

1.68

1.40

2.01

< 0.001

1.38

1.11

1.73

0.004

1.21

0.95

1.54

0.119

  1. *Adjusted for: age at delivery (< 20, 20–34, ≥35 years), marital status (married/cohabiting y/n), maternal education (lower, middle, higher, missing), birth weight, year of childbirth and size of obstetric department. **In multiparous women, also for parity (1, 2, 3, 4+ births) and previous cesarean delivery (y/n). GBD Global Burden of Disease; OR Odds ratio; CI Confidence interval
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