Covariate Level | Covariate Name/Description |
---|---|
Individual | • Race/ethnicity: non-Hispanic White, Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Asian, Othera • Maternal age • Marital status (married/unmarried) • Mother foreign-born (Yes/No) • Maternal education (less than high school; high school diploma or GED; some college; not assessed (age < 20 years) • WIC (maternal WIC enrollment) (Yes/No) • Maternal insurance status (e.g., Medicaid or private insurance). • Late/No prenatal care (0-mother entered prenatal care during first trimester; 1-mother entered prenatal care after the first trimester or not at all) |
Communityb (at the local health jurisdiction level unless otherwise indicated) | • Core Based Statistical Area (metropolitan, micropolitan, or rural) • Community poverty (binary variable 1 = local health jurisdictions with the highest percentage (top 1/3) of residents age 0–17 years in poverty by state; and binary variable 2 = lower 2/3 of residents in poverty (non-poor local health jurisdictions)c • Percent of voters voting Republican (vs. Democrat or Independent) in the 2004 and 2008 presidential electionsd • Gini coefficient (2000 census: measure of income distribution/inequality (0–1), larger number > inequality)e • Per Capita General and Family Practitioner MDs/local health jurisdictions (for years 2005, 2008, 2010)f • Per capita local health jurisdiction unemployment rateg |
Expenditureh | • Total local health department expenditures • WIC expenditures • Family planning expenditures • MICA services expenditures • Maternal and child health—combined expendituresi |
State | • State-level dummy variables were created for WA and FL to capture any state-level differences |