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Table 3 Subgroup analyses of studies using different types of TM tools

From: Effectiveness of telemedicine for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis

Outcome

TM tools

No. of trials

Pooled effect

Heterogeneity

Effect size

95% CI

P

I2

P

Change in HbA1c

Health app or device

4

MD = -0.75

(− 1.25, − 0.25)

< 0.01

95

0.01

WeChat

6

MD = -0.84

(−1.46, − 0.22)

< 0.01

95

< 0.01

Change in FBG

Health app or device

6

MD = -0.05

(−0.23, 0.12)

0.54

16

0.31

Web-based system

5

MD = -0.48

(− 0.95, − 0.00)

0.05

91

< 0.01

WeChat

9

MD = -0.85

(−1.35, −0.35)

< 0.01

96

< 0.01

Change in 2hBG

Health app or device

5

MD = -0.50

(−0.97, − 0.03)

0.04

38

0.17

WeChat

8

MD = -1.26

(−2.63, 0.11)

0.07

98

< 0.01

Caesarean section

Health app or device

6

RR = 0.76

(0.60, 0.97)

0.03

33

0.19

Web-based system

3

RR = 1.19

(0.69, 2.06)

0.54

67

0.05

WeChat

10

RR = 0.82

(0.60, 0.96)

0.02

56

0.02

PIH or preeclampsia

Health app or device

3

RR = 0.76

(0.28, 2.09)

0.60

35

0.22

Web-based system

3

RR = 0.50

(0.40, 0.62)

< 0.01

70

0.04

WeChat

6

RR = 0.39

(0.26, 0.61)

< 0.01

0

0.93

Premature rupture of membranes

Web-based system

3

RR = 0.56

(0.44, 0.71)

< 0.01

21

0.28

WeChat

3

RR = 0.80

(0.53, 1.19)

0.27

0

0.51

Macrosomia

Health app or device

4

RR = 1.16

(0.65, 2.06)

0.62

27

0.25

Web-based system

3

RR = 0.61

(0.07, 5.58)

0.66

81

< 0.01

WeChat

11

RR = 0.44

(0.32, 0.59)

< 0.01

4

0.40

Admission to the NICU

Health app or device

3

RR = 0.74

(0.44, 1.24)

0.25

14

0.32

Web-based system

3

RR = 1.33

(0.69, 2.59)

0.40

46

0.16

Neonatal hypoglycaemia

Health app or device

4

RR = 1.25

(0.81, 1.92)

0.31

0

0.78

WeChat

6

RR = 0.40

(0.28, 0.59)

< 0.01

0

0.86

Preterm birth

Health app or device

3

RR = 0.40

(0.17, 0.96)

0.04

0

0.75

Web-based system

3

RR = 0.22

(0.15, 0.32)

< 0.01

84

< 0.01

WeChat

7

RR = 0.32

(0.21, 0.48)

< 0.01

0

0.66

Neonatal asphyxia

WeChat

4

RR = 0.17

(0.08, 0.33)

< 0.01

0

0.88

Polyhydramnios

WeChat

5

RR = 0.17

(0.08, 0.35)

< 0.01

0

0.99

  1. GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, 2hBG 2-h postprandial blood glucose, FBG fasting blood glucose, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, MD mean difference, TM telemedicine
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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