Table 3 Prevention of alcohol consumption in prenatal care in 2008 and 2018
Variables | N | Year 2008 (N = 227)a | Year 2018 (N = 300)a | Chi-2 | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |||||
Risk perception: rarely sipping on a glass of alcohol | ||||||
harmless | 501 | 186(83.8) | 169(60.6) | 34.797 | 2 | < 0.001 |
slightly risky | 34(15.3) | 90(32.3) | ||||
highly risky | 2(0.9) | 20(7.2) | ||||
Risk perception: 3 glasses/week | ||||||
harmless | 501 | 50(22.9) | 5(1.8) | 108.889 | 2 | < 0.001 |
slightly risky | 115(52.8) | 90(31.8) | ||||
highly risky | 53(24.3) | 188(66.4) | ||||
Risk perception: 1 glass/day | ||||||
harmless | 504 | 4(1.8) | 0(0.0) | 68.274 | 2 | < 0.001 |
slightly risky | 70(31.7) | 15(5.3) | ||||
highly risky | 147(66.5) | 268(94.7) | ||||
Risk perception: Sporadically alcohol use large amounts (4 glasses/occasion) | ||||||
harmless | 503 | 1(0.5) | 0(0.0) | 2.358 | 2 | 0.308 |
slightly risky | 8(3.6) | 6(2.1) | ||||
highly risky | 211(95.9) | 277(97.9) | ||||
Screening: Routinely asking all women whether they consume alcohol | ||||||
all | 508 | 188(83.2) | 231(81.9) | 0.144 | 2 | 0.931 |
only those suspected for alcohol use | 30(13.3) | 40(14.2) | ||||
none | 8(3.5) | 11(3.9) | ||||
Screening: Specific questions asked regarding alcohol | ||||||
Frequency of alcohol use occasions | 497 | 205(90.7) | 254(93.7) | 1.591 | 1 | 0.207 |
Average amount of alcohol consumed | 497 | 172(76.1) | 203(74.9) | 0.096 | 1 | 0.757 |
Frequency of binge drinking (4 glasses on a single occasion) | 497 | 20(8.8) | 46(17.0) | 7.063 | 1 | 0.008 |
Type of alcoholic beverages consumed | 497 | 92(40.7) | 125(46.1) | 1.47 | 1 | 0.225 |
Screening: Asking whether the partner uses alcohol | 505 | 70(31.1) | 78(27.9) | 0.638 | 1 | 0.425 |
Perceived importance of partner’s alcohol use (rather or very important)b | 500 | 170(76.2) | 209(75.5) | 0.041 | 1 | 0.839 |
Routinely explaining to all women the risks of alcohol consumption for the child | 506 | 135(59.7) | 176(62.9) | 0.515 | 1 | 0.473 |
Stop alcohol drinking interventions when a woman uses alcohol: | ||||||
Explaining the risks for the child | 508 | 181(80.1) | 253(89.7) | 9.344 | 1 | 0.002 |
Repeatedly addressing alcohol use in consequent appointments | 508 | 98(43.4) | 147(52.1) | 3.86 | 1 | 0.049 |
Assisting in elaboration of a plan to stop or reduce alcohol use | 508 | 31(13.7) | 64(22.7) | 6.652 | 1 | 0.010 |
Providing information material to alcohol users | 508 | 20(8.8) | 65(23.0) | 18.157 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Referral to an expert | 508 | 100(44.2) | 135(47.9) | 0.663 | 1 | 0.416 |
no intervention | 508 | 13(5.8) | 15(5.3) | 0.045 | 1 | 0.832 |
Barriers: Reasons not to address alcohol use (rather or very true)c: | ||||||
Shortage of time | 429 | 19(9.4) | 26(11.5) | 0.524 | 1 | 0.469 |
I already know many of the women and their habits from previous pregnancies | 460 | 56(27.1) | 55(21.7) | 1.756 | 1 | 0.185 |
Most women already know the risks | 466 | 79(37.6) | 89(34.8) | 0.407 | 1 | 0.523 |
Women with children are generally well informed about the risks | 462 | 84(40.2) | 88(34.8) | 1.433 | 1 | 0.231 |
It is not within my area of responsibility | 466 | 10(4.8) | 10(3.9) | 0.224 | 1 | 0.636 |
Uncertainty about clinical relevance of alcohol use | 459 | 39(18.8) | 31(12.4) | 3.604 | 1 | 0.058 |
Uncertainty about being able to intervene effectively | 464 | 59(28.1) | 70(27.6) | 0.016 | 1 | 0.898 |
Giving advice to alcohol users is not effective | 452 | 96(46.6) | 66(26.8) | 19.062 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Pregnant women probably do not honestly report on alcohol use | 465 | 117(55.7) | 108(42.4) | 8.232 | 1 | 0.004 |
In vocational training I was not informed on the risks of alcohol use | 466 | 37(17.6) | 39(15.2) | 0.481 | 1 | 0.488 |
Alcohol use in pregnancy is a matter of private life and should not be interfered with | 464 | 11(5.2) | 6(2.4) | 2.694 | 1 | 0.101 |
Advice given regarding alcohol consumptiond: | ||||||
strict abstinence | 509 | 32(14.3) | 120(40.0) | 42.246 | 1 | < 0.001 |
“strict abstinence” & “never drink more than just sipping” | NA | 45(15.7) | ||||
“strict abstinence” & “reasonable consumption” | NA | 3(1.0) | ||||
“strict abstinence” & “never more than just sipping” & “reasonable consumption” | NA | 3(1.0) | ||||
“never drink more than just sipping” | 509 | 75(33.6) | 77(25.7) | |||
“never drink more than just sipping” & “reasonable consumption” | NA | 14 (4.9) | ||||
reasonable consumption (“a glass every now and then”) | 509 | 109(48.9) | 21(7.0) | |||
one glass/day | 509 | 2(0.9) | 0(0.0) | |||