Table 2 Smoking prevention in prenatal care in 2008 and 2018
Variables | N | Year 2008 (N = 227)a | Year 2018 (N = 300)a | Chi2 | df | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | |||||
Risk perception: 1–2 cigarettes/day | ||||||
harmless for the child | 519 | 48(21.5) | 20(6.8) | 47.991 | 2 | < 0.001 |
slightly risky for the child | 152(68.2) | 182(61.5) | ||||
highly risky for the child | 23(10.3) | 94(31.8) | ||||
Risk perception: 3–9 cigarettes /day | ||||||
harmless for the child | 518 | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 15.695 | 1 | < 0.001 |
slightly risky for the child | 63(28.6) | 43(14.4) | ||||
highly risky for the child | 157(71.4) | 255(85.6) | ||||
Risk perception: 10 or more cigarettes /day | ||||||
harmless for the child | 520 | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | N/C | ||
slightly risky for the child | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | ||||
highly risky for the child | 222(100) | 298(100) | ||||
Risk perception: sudden cessation | ||||||
not risky for the child | 509 | 97(44.1) | 102(35.3) | 5.278 | 3 | 0.153 |
slightly risky for the child | 509 | 105(47.7) | 157(54.3) | |||
highly risky for the child | 509 | 5(2.3) | 13(4.5) | |||
I don’t know | 509 | 13(5.9) | 17(5.9) | |||
Risk perception: Passive smoking | ||||||
Environmental smoke is a risk | 521 | 215(95.1) | 285(96.6) | 0.722 | 1 | 0.395 |
‘it is rather harmless’ & ‘I don’t know’ | 11(4.9) | 10(3.4) | ||||
Screening: Routinely asking all women whether they smoke | ||||||
all women | 524 | 202(89.4) | 266(89.3) | 0.668 | 2 | 0.716 |
only those suspected for smoking | 524 | 22(9.7) | 27(9.1) | |||
none | 524 | 2(0.9) | 5(1.7) | |||
Screening: Asking about exposure to passive smoking | 515 | 123(54.4) | 134(46.4) | 3.294 | 1 | 0.070 |
Screening: Asking whether the partner smokes | 515 | 152(67.3) | 178(61.6) | 1.768 | 1 | 0.184 |
Perceived importance of partner’s smoking (rather or very important)b | 520 | 209(92.9) | 274(92.9) | 0.000 | 1 | 0.997 |
Routinely explaining to all women the risks of smoking for the child | 519 | 145(64.4) | 155(52.7) | 7.182 | 1 | 0.007 |
Stop smoking interventions with smokers | ||||||
Explaining the risks for the child | 526 | 187(82.7) | 257(85.7) | 0.837 | 1 | 0.360 |
Repeatedly addressing smoking in consequent appointments | 526 | 126(55.8) | 150(50.0) | 1.71 | 1 | 0.191 |
Assisting in elaboration of a plan to stop smoking | 526 | 79(35.0) | 114(38.0) | 0.514 | 1 | 0.473 |
Providing information material to smokers | 526 | 36(15.9) | 69(23.0) | 4.033 | 1 | 0.045 |
Referral to an expert | 526 | 21(9.3) | 64(21.3) | 13.794 | 1 | < 0.001 |
Referral to behavioral therapy | 526 | 9(4.0) | 16(5.3) | 0.52 | 1 | 0.471 |
Agreement to quit | 526 | 15(6.6) | 11(3.7) | 2.421 | 1 | 0.120 |
Nicotine replacement therapy | 526 | 12(5.3) | 22(7.3) | 0.873 | 1 | 0.350 |
no intervention | 526 | 18(8.0) | 6(2.0) | 10.531 | 1 | 0.001 |
Barriers: Reasons not to address smoking (rather or very true)c | ||||||
Shortage of time | 445 | 20(9.6) | 34(14.3) | 2.325 | 1 | 0.127 |
I already know many of the women and their smoking habits from previous pregnancies | 475 | 70(33.7) | 87(32.8) | 0.036 | 1 | 0.850 |
Most women already know the risks | 486 | 98(46.7) | 116(42.0) | 1.041 | 1 | 0.308 |
Women with children are generally well informed about the risks | 485 | 89(42.6) | 107(38.8) | 0.719 | 1 | 0.396 |
It is not within my area of responsibility | 485 | 8(3.8) | 12(4.3) | 0.071 | 1 | 0.790 |
Uncertainty about clinical relevance of smoking | 475 | 26(12.3) | 36(13.6) | 0.178 | 1 | 0.673 |
Uncertainty about being able to intervene effectively | 483 | 68(32.4) | 89(32.6) | 0.003 | 1 | 0.959 |
Giving advice to smokers is not effective | 481 | 107(51.2) | 124(46.0) | 1.300 | 1 | 0.254 |
Pregnant women probably do not honestly report on smoking | 485 | 96(45.7) | 125(45.5) | 0.003 | 1 | 0.955 |
In vocational training I was not informed on the risks of smoking | 490 | 44(20.8) | 60(21.6) | 0.049 | 1 | 0.824 |
Smoking in pregnancy is a matter of private life and should not be interfered with | 490 | 16(7.6) | 9(3.2) | 4.711 | 1 | 0.030 |
Advice given regarding smokingd: | ||||||
to quit | 523 | 109(48.9) | 89(29.7) | |||
“to quit” & “to reduce” | NA | 144(48.6) | ||||
to reduce | 523 | 90(40.4) | 61(20.3) | |||
not to change | 523 | 0(0.0) | 2(0.7) | |||