Table 3 Distribution of potential risk factors by UTI status, bivariate analysis
|  | Total | No UTI (N = 3674) | UTI (N = 360) | χ2 (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic characteristic | ||||
 Household wealth quintiles (missing: 1) | ||||
  Lowest tertile | 1361 | 1217 (89.4%) | 144 (10.6%) | 7.867 (0.0196) |
  Middle tertile | 1335 | 1220 (91.4%) | 115 (8.6%) | |
  Highest tertile | 1338 | 1237 (92.5%) | 101 (7.6%) | |
Hand washing station (missing; 0) | ||||
  No | 3924 | 3575 (91.1%) | 349 (8.9%) | 0.161 (0.688) |
  Yes | 110 | 99 (90.0%) | 11 (10.0%) | |
 Household size (missing: 1) | ||||
  1–3 household members | 649 | 584 (90.0%) | 65 (10.0%) | 2.529 (0.283) |
  4–6 household members | 1730 | 1589 (91.9%) | 141 (8.1%) | |
  7+ household members | 1654 | 1500 (90.7%) | 154 (9.3%) | |
 Low MUAC at enrollment (missing: 8) | ||||
  No | 2419 | 2228 (92.1%) | 191 (7.9%) | 7.782 (0.005) |
  Yes | 1607 | 1439 (89.6%) | 168 (10.4%) | |
 Religion (missing: 1) | ||||
  Islam | 3871 | 3527 (91.1%) | 344 (8.9%) | 0.187 (0.665) |
  Other | 162 | 146 (90.1%) | 16 (9.9%) | |
 Mother’s age at enrollment (missing: 0) | ||||
   < 20 | 381 | 341 (89.5%) | 40 (10.5%) | 2.044 (0.360) |
  20–29 | 2567 | 2349 (91.5%) | 218 (8.5%) | |
  30 or more | 1086 | 984 90.6%) | 102 (9.4%) | |
 Mother’s education (missing: 0) | ||||
  No Education (0 years) | 786 | 695 (88.4%) | 91 (11.6%) | 10.280 (0.0059) |
  Primary Education (1–5 years) | 1522 | 1385 (91.0%) | 137 (9.0%) | |
  Secondary or higher Education (6+) | 1726 | 1594 (92.4%) | 132 (7.6%) | |
Husband’s education (missing: 0) | ||||
  No Education (0 years) | 1360 | 1213 (89.2%) | 147 (10.8%) | 15.665 (0.0004) |
  Primary Education (1–5 years) | 1572 | 1428 (90.8%) | 144 (9.2%) | |
  Secondary or higher Education (6+ years) | 1102 | 1033 (93.7%) | 69 (6.3%) | |
Reproductive and sexual history | ||||
 Primiparous at enrollment (missing: 1) | ||||
  No | 2710 | 2486 (91.7%) | 224 (8.3%) | 4.436 (0.035) |
  Yes | 1323 | 1187 (89.7%) | 136 (10.3%) | |
 Hormonal contraceptive history (missing: 0) | ||||
  No | 3964 | 3611 (91.1%) | 353 (8.9%) | 0.101 (0.7501) |
  Yes | 70 | 63 (90.0%) | 7 (10.0%) | |