Table 4 Results of the generalized estimating equations of symptoms of PND with infant-feeding outcomes across time
Variables | Exclusive breastfeeding | Partial breastfeeding | Formula feeding | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | β | 95% CI | ||||
Maternal educational attainment | |||||||||
  ≥ College graduate (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
  ≤ Junior school | −0.001 | − 0.062 | 0.061 | − 0.005 | − 0.064 | 0.053 | − 0.078 | − 0.185 | 0.029 |
 High school | − 0.002 | − 0.032 | 0.029 | − 0.016 | − 0.046 | 0.013 | 0.015 | − 0.032 | 0.061 |
Maternal age (years) | |||||||||
 25–29 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
  ≤ 24 | 0.027 | −0.018 | 0.071 | 0.036 | −0.006 | 0.078 | −0.022 | −0.089 | 0.046 |
 30–34 | 0.000 | −0.024 | 0.024 | 0.001 | −0.023 | 0.024 | 0.005 | −0.029 | 0.038 |
  ≥ 35 | 0.020 | −0.012 | 0.053 | 0.035* | 0.005 | 0.065 | −0.027 | −0.075 | 0.022 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | ||
 18.5–23.9 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
  < 18.5 | −0.198* | −0.333 | −0.064 | − 0.263* | −0.394 | − 0.133 | 0.213* | 0.136 | 0.290 |
  ≥ 24 | −0.006 | −0.032 | 0.020 | 0.022 | −0.004 | 0.047 | −0.022 | −0.058 | 0.013 |
Household income (yuan) | |||||||||
 5001–10,000 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
  ≤ 2000 | 0.072 | −0.008 | 0.152 | −0.027 | −0.091 | 0.037 | 0.072 | −0.008 | 0.152 |
 2001–5000 | 0.019 | −0.012 | 0.050 | −0.010 | −0.031 | 0.011 | 0.019 | −0.012 | 0.050 |
  > 10,000 | 0.057 | −0.020 | 0.135 | −0.072 | −0.147 | 0.003 | 0.057 | −0.020 | 0.135 |
Initiation of breastfeeding (hours) | |||||||||
  < 1 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 1–24 | 0.005 | −0.028 | 0.038 | 0.010 | −0.020 | 0.039 | 0.003 | −0.043 | 0.048 |
  ≥ 24 | −0.035* | −0.074 | − 0.005 | −0.044* | − 0.083 | −0.004 | 0.037 | −0.014 | 0.089 |
Delivery mode | |||||||||
 Vaginal delivery (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Cesarean delivery | −0.043* | −0.066 | − 0.021 | −0.016 | − 0.038 | 0.006 | 0.063* | 0.031 | 0.094 |
Screen-positive symptoms of PND | |||||||||
 No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Yes | −0.049* | − 0.101 | −0.004 | − 0.082* | −0.140 | − 0.024 | 0.074* | 0.014 | 0.134 |
Gestational age (weeks) | |||||||||
 37–42 (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 28–36 | −0.009 | −0.055 | 0.038 | −0.029 | − 0.105 | 0.047 | − 0.003 | −0.052 | 0.047 |
Parity | |||||||||
 Nulliparous (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Multiparous | −0.015 | −0.039 | 0.010 | −0.005 | − 0.028 | 0.019 | 0.017 | −0.018 | 0.052 |
Miscarriage | |||||||||
 No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Yes | 0.010 | −0.011 | 0.031 | −0.017 | − 0.038 | 0.005 | − 0.006 | −0.037 | 0.025 |
Pregnancy-related complications | |||||||||
 No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Yes | 0.007 | −0.024 | 0.039 | 0.000 | −0.032 | 0.032 | −0.009 | −0.054 | 0.036 |
Passive smoking during pregnancy | |||||||||
 No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Yes | 0.014 | −0.021 | 0.049 | 0.013 | −0.019 | 0.044 | 0.016 | −0.031 | 0.064 |
Using bottle/ nipple before breastfeeding | |||||||||
 No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Yes | −0.009 | − 0.040 | 0.023 | − 0.004 | −0.034 | 0.026 | 0.005 | −0.039 | 0.048 |