Table 5 Factors associated with being at or above one-to-three ANC visits among pregnant women in Ethiopia (N = 6954)
From: Antenatal care use in Ethiopia: a spatial and multilevel analysis
Predictors | N | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Being at or above one-to-three ANC visits | ||
Level-1 predictor variables | |||
 Husbands’ or partners’ education | No education | 4171 | 1 |
Primary | 1903 | 1.526 (1.322, 1.763) | |
Secondary | 567 | 2.023 (1.650, 2.480) | |
Higher | 313 | 1.72 (1.457, 2.107) | |
 Wealth quintile | Lowest | 2264 | 1 |
Second | 1157 | 2.004 (1.591, 2.524) | |
Middle | 1007 | 2.273 (1.786, 2.892) | |
Fourth | 895 | 3.107 (2.421, 3.987) | |
Highest | 1631 | 3.483 (2.650, 4.578) | |
Number of living children | 0.929 (0.897, 0.962) | ||
 Autonomy in own personal healthcare decision making | Respondent alone | 1134 | 1 |
Joint decision | 4063 | 0.995 (0.844, 1.174) | |
Husband/partner alone | 1757 | 0.763 (0.634, 0.919) | |
 Nature of pregnancy | Wanted | 5516 | 1 |
Unwanted | 1438 | 0.803 (0.692, 0.930) | |
Level-2 predictor variables | |||
 Residence | Urban | 1512 | 1 |
Rural | 5442 | 0.525 (0.415, 0.663) | |
 General service readiness | Health facility management system | 1.016 (0.344, 3.003) | |
Health facility infrastructure | 0.957 (0.361, 2.535) | ||
 Antenatal care service availability | ANC supplements | 4.909 (1.548, 15.569) | |
 Antenatal care service readiness | Skilled care | 1.564 (0.617, 3.962) | |
Diagnostic service | 1.951 (0.768, 4.957) | ||
Average distance to the nearest health facility | 0.982 (0.968, 0.995) | ||
Random effects (Error variance) | |||
 Var (Husbands’ or partners’ education) | 0.005 (0.001, 16.324) | ||
 Var (Wealth quintile) | 0.032 (0.015, 0.115) | ||
 Var (Number of living children) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.018) | ||
 Var (Nature of last pregnancy) | 0.001 (0.000, 2.400) | ||
 Var (Autonomy on her own healthcare decision) | 0.007 (0.001, 2.250) | ||
 Var (constant) - level-2 variance | 0.024 (0.007, 0.692) | ||
 Rho – Intra-class correlation | 0.0073 | ||
 Fit statistics (−2 Log Likelihood) | 12,857.23 | ||