From: Prenatal maternal stress and birth outcomes in rural Ghana: sex-specific associations
 | All Infant (N = 353) | Girls (N = 188) | Boys (N = 165) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Continuous variables, Median, IQR | ||||||
 Maternal age (years) | 28.3 | 23.4-34 | 28.7 | 23.5-33.9 | 27.1 | 23.3-34.3 |
 Maternal height (cm) | 155 | 152-160 | 155.1 | 151-162 | 155 | 152-160 |
 Maternal weight (kg) | 55 | 51-62 | 55 | 50-61 | 55.1 | 51-62 |
 Gestational Age at delivery (weeks) | 39.9 | 39.1-4.9 | 39.9 | 39.1-40.9 | 39.9 | 39.1-40.6 |
 Infant birth weight (kg) | 3.0 | 2.7-3.2 | 2.9 | 2.6-3.2 | 3.0 | 2.7-3.3 |
 Infant head circumference (cm) | 33.8 | 32.6-35 | 33.5 | 32.4-34.5 | 34.0 | 33-35 |
 Infant birth length (cm) | 47.5 | 45.1-49 | 47.1 | 45-49 | 48.0 | 45.6-49 |
Categorical variables, N, % | ||||||
 Negative life eventsa | ||||||
  0-2 | 97 | 27.5 | 56 | 51.6 | 41 | 24.8 |
  3-5 | 177 | 50.1 | 87 | 46.3 | 90 | 54.5 |
   > 5 | 79 | 22.3 | 45 | 23.9 | 34 | 20.6 |
 Ethnicity | ||||||
  Dagarti | 79 | 22.4 | 47 | 25.0 | 32 | 19.4 |
  Akan | 71 | 20.1 | 40 | 21.3 | 31 | 18.8 |
  Konkonba | 54 | 15.3 | 31 | 16.5 | 23 | 13.9 |
  Gonja | 42 | 11.9 | 18 | 9.6 | 24 | 14.5 |
  Mo | 41 | 11.6 | 20 | 10.6 | 21 | 12.7 |
  Other | 66 | 18.7 | 32 | 17.0 | 34 | 20.7 |
 Adverse Birth Outcomeb | ||||||
  Low birth weight | 46 | 13 | 27 | 14.4 | 19 | 11.5 |
  Small for gestational age | 73 | 20.7 | 48 | 25.5 | 25 | 15.2 |
  Stillbirth | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1.1 | 5 | 3 |
  Any adverse birth outcome | 85 | 24.1 | 52 | 27.7 | 33 | 20 |
 Clusterc | ||||||
  Liquified petroleum gas stove | 76 | 17.2 | 39 | 20.7 | 37 | 22.4 |
  BioLite stove | 116 | 32.9 | 57 | 30.3 | 59 | 35.8 |
  Three stone fire stove (control) | 161 | 46.6 | 92 | 48.9 | 69 | 41.8 |
 Marriage status | ||||||
  Married | 197 | 55.8 | 106 | 56.4 | 91 | 55.2 |
  Living together | 126 | 35.7 | 69 | 36.7 | 57 | 34.5 |
  Single | 30 | 8.5 | 13 | 6.9 | 17 | 10.3 |
 Home ownership | ||||||
  Yes | 191 | 54.1 | 97 | 51.6 | 94 | 57 |