Table 3 Relationship of maternal and neonatal outcome of pregnancy with number of fasting days during pregnancy
From: Perspectives and pregnancy outcomes of maternal Ramadan fasting in the second trimester of pregnancy
|  | Non (n = 146) | 1–10 days fasting (n = 8) | 11–20 days fasting (n = 14) | 21–29 days fasting (n = 132) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- Mode of delivery | |||||
 • Vaginal delivery | 75 (51.4%) | 4 (2.58%) | 6 (3.87%) | 28 (18.06%) | 0.82a |
 • Cesarean section | 71 (48.6%) | 4 (2.58%) | 8 (5.16%) | 104 (67.09%) |  |
- Gestational diabetes | |||||
 • Yes | 12 (8%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (1.29%) | 2 (1.29%) |  |
 • No | 134 (91.8%) | 8 (5.16%) | 12 (7.74%) | 130 (83.87%) | 0.03a |
- Preeclampsia | |||||
 • Yes | 19 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.64%) | 21 (13.54%) | 0.49a |
 • No | 127 (87%) | 8 (5.16%) | 13 (8.38%) | 111 (71.61%) |  |
- Preterm birth | |||||
 • Yes | 5 (3.42%) | 1 (0.64%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (3.87%) | 0.5a |
 • No | 141 (90.96%) | 7 (4.51%) | 14 (9.03%) | 126 (81.29%) |  |
- Maternal weight gain during pregnancy (kg) | 11.26 ± 3.06 | 11.25 ± 3.65 | 11.21 ± 2.99 | 10.8 ± 4.91 | 0.04b |
- Low birth weight | |||||
 • Yes | 4 (2.73%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (3.87%) | 0.67a |
 • No | 142 (97.26%) | 8 (5.16%) | 14 (9.03%) | 126 (81.29%) |  |
- Birth weight (kg) | 3.35 ± 0.52 | 3 ± 0.0 | 3.33 ± 0.46 | 3.52 ± 1.81 | 0.52b |
- Birth height (cm) | 49.47 ± 2.78 | 47.63 ± 3.29 | 49.71 ± 3.56 | 49.42 ± 3.69 | 0.42b |
- Head circumference (cm) | 35.84 ± 1.67 | 36.25 ± 1.03 | 36.15 ± 1.95 | 36.28 ± 3.52 | 0.58b |
- 5th minutes Apgar score | 8.23 ± 0.77 | 8.13 ± 0.64 | 8.79 ± 0.57 | 8.22 ± 1.05 | 0.15b |