Table 3 Characteristics of included studies (n = 15)

Ayele, 2014

Ethiopia

District hospital

8509

206

23

24.2

270

9

10

Herklots, 2017

Zanzibar

Tertiary

4125

37

28

9*

679

1.3

43

Kalisa, 2016

Rwanda

Rural referral

3994

86

13

21.5

326

6.6

13.1

Kiruja, 2017

Somaliland

Referral

1355

120

18

88.6

1328

6.7

13

Litorp, 2014

Tanzania

tertiary & regional

13,121

467

77

35.6

587

6.1

13.9

Liyew, 2017

Ethiopia

Tertiary and secondary

29,697

238

–

8

–

–

–

Mbachu, 2017

Nigeria

Private referral

262

52

5

198.5

1908

10.4

8.8

Nakimuli, 2016

Uganda

Tertiary and regional

25,840

695

130

26.9

503

5.3

15.8

Nelissen, 2013

Tanzania

District hospital

9136

216

32

23.6

350

6.8

12.9

Oladapo, 2015

Nigeria

tertiary (nationwide)

91,724

1451

998

15.8

1088

1.5

40.8

Peprah, 2015

Ghana

Tertiary and reg

2178

15

7

6.9

321

2.1

31.8

Rulisa, 2015

Rwanda

tertiary

1739

142

50

81.7

2875

2.8

26

Sayinzoga, 2017

Rwanda

District hospitals

5577

201

13

36

233

15.4

6

Soma-Pillay, 2015

South Africa

population based

26,614

117

19

4.4

71

6.2

14.0

Tunçalp, 2013

Ghana

Tertiary

3206

94

37

29.3

1154

2.5

28.2

Median (IQR)

5577 (2692, 19,480.5)

142 (90,227)

25.5 (14.3,46.8)

24.2 (12.4,35.8)

545 (322,1138)

6.2 (2.6,6.8)

14 (12.9,27.7)

Total

227,077

4137

1450

6.4

639

2.9

26