Characteristic predicting skilled assistance | Model 1 (Wald χ2 = 288.3; p < 0.001) | Model 2 (Wald χ2 = 333.4; p < 0.001) | Model 3 (Wald χ2 = 367.9; p < 0.001) | Model 4 (Wald χ2 = 474.9; p < 0.001) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
Maternal education | ||||||||
 NoneRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Primary | 1.994* | 1.623–2.450 |  |  | 1.481* | 1.215–1.806 | 1.205 | 0.996–1.458 |
 Secondary | 3839* | 2.583–5.706 |  |  | 2.703* | 2.120–3.447 | 1.840* | 1.464–2.313 |
 Higher | 4.131* | 3.184–5.358 |  |  | 13.114* | 7.533–22.831 | 5.793* | 3.474–9.660 |
Parity | ||||||||
 PrimiparityRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Multiparity | 0.538* | 0.440–0.657 |  |  | 0.532* | 0.437–0.648 | 0.575* | 0.476–0.695 |
 Grand multiparity | 0.518* | 0.420–0.640 |  |  | 0.506* | 0.411–0.624 | 0.564* | 0.462–0.689 |
Age at first marriage (years) | ||||||||
 14 years or lessRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 15–19 years | 0.843 | 0.654–1.086 |  |  | 0.839 | 0.654–1.077 | 0.811 | 0.635–1.035 |
 20–24 years | 1.104 | 0.840–1.453 |  |  | 1.044 | 0.798–1.366 | 0.981 | 0.755–1.275 |
 25 years or older | 1.121 | 0.800–1.571 |  |  | 1.033 | 0.743–1.437 | 0.945 | 0.685–1.304 |
Employment Status | ||||||||
 UnemployedRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Unemployment | 1.169 | 0.991–1.378 |  |  | 1.094 | 0.931–1.286 | 1.033 | 0.883–1.208 |
Religion | ||||||||
 ChristianityRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Islam | 0.317* | 0.237–0.423 |  |  | 0.741** | 0.560–0.982 | 0.750** | 0.577–0.974 |
 Traditional/others | 0.354** | 0.188–0.664 |  |  | 0.558 | 0.299–1.040 | 0.712 | 0.390–1.300 |
Healthcare Decision | ||||||||
 No ParticipationRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Participation | 1.435* | 1.215–1.693 |  |  | 1.290** | 1.100–1.513 | 1.213** | 1.041–1.413 |
Access to mass media | ||||||||
 NoneRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Moderate | 1.138 | 0.932–1.388 |  |  | 1.039 | 0.856–1.260 | 0.934 | 0.774–1.127 |
 High | 1.817* | 1.506–2.193 |  |  | 1.562* | 1.304–1.871 | 1.255** | 1.055–1.494 |
Means of Transportation | ||||||||
 None/animal cartRC | – | – |  |  | – | – | – | – |
 Boat/canoe | 0.513** | 0.293–0.900 |  |  | 0.386* | 0.226–0.659 | 0.392* | 0.234–0.659 |
 Bicycle | 0.966 | 0.748–1.249 |  |  | 1.028 | 0.800–1.321 | 1.052 | 0.824–1.341 |
 Motorcycle/scooter | 1.425* | 1.207–1.683 |  |  | 1.383* | 1.177–1.626 | 1.222** | 1.046–1.429 |
 Car/truck | 2.169* | 1.566–3.003 |  |  | 1.984* | 1.447–2.719 | 1.438** | 1.055–1.960 |
Community childcare burden | ||||||||
 LowRC |  |  | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Medium |  |  | 0.886 | 0.623–1.260 | 1.071 | 0.759–1.511 | 1.079 | 0.796–1.462 |
 High |  |  | 0.752 | 0.505–1.116 | 0.936 | 0.635–1.380 | 0.978 | 0.694–1.378 |
Community literacy level | ||||||||
 LowRC |  |  | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Medium |  |  | 0.208* | 0.136–0.319 | 0.389* | 0.256–0.591 | 0.489* | 0.339–0.706 |
 High |  |  | 0.072* | 0.040–0.128 | 0.170* | 0.095–0.302 | 0.346* | 0.208–0.575 |
Community poverty level | ||||||||
 LowRC |  |  | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Medium |  |  | 0.382* | 0.252–0.579 | 0.447* | 0.299–0.670 | 0.602** | 0.421–0.860 |
 High |  |  | 0.159* | 0.090–0.282 | 0.213* | 0.122–0.370 | 0.402* | 0.241–0.670 |
Proportion employed outside agriculture | ||||||||
 LowRC |  |  | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Medium |  |  | 1.065 | 0.747–1.518 | 1.064 | 0.749–1.511 | 0.932 | 0.683–1.274 |
 High |  |  | 1.416 | 0.982–2.043 | 1.331 | 0.923–1.919 | 1.084 | 0.783–1.502 |
Proportion who perceived distance as big problem | ||||||||
 LowRC |  |  | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 High |  |  | 2.774* | 1.999–3.850 | 2.433* | 1.770–3.345 | 1.815* | 1.374–2.397 |
Geographic region | ||||||||
 NorthernRC |  |  | – | – | – | – | – | – |
 Southern |  |  | 2.103* | 1.399–3.162 | 1.750** | 1.163–2.634 | 1.818** | 1.265–2.611 |
Household wealth quintile | ||||||||
 PoorestRC |  |  |  |  |  |  | – | – |
 Poorer |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.261 | 0.990–1.606 |
 Middle |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.630** | 1.227–2.166 |
 Richer |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.819** | 1.296–2.552 |
 Richest |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.834* | 1.761–4.560 |
Number of antenatal care visits | ||||||||
 NoneRC |  |  |  |  |  |  | – | – |
 1–3 |  |  |  |  |  |  | 1.430 | 0.991–2.064 |
 4+ |  |  |  |  |  |  | 2.602* | 1.803–3.756 |
Timing of first antenatal visit | ||||||||
 1st trimesterRC |  |  |  |  |  |  | – | – |
 2nd trimester |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.802** | 0.680–0.946 |
 3rd trimester |  |  |  |  |  |  | 0.252* | 0.173–0.369 |