Prevalence and predictors of early gestational weight gain associated with obesity risk in a diverse Australian antenatal population: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Univariate analysis of the sociodemographic factors of women who gained excess weight in early pregnancy

	Odds ratio	95% CI	p value
Age (years)
16–24 years	1.04	0.81–1.33	0.75
25–34 years	Ref
≥ 35	0.86	0.68–1.09	0.22
Maternal body mass index (kg/m²)
Normal weight (18.5–24.9)	Ref
Underweight (< 18.5)	0.85	0.56–1.27	0.42
Overweight (25–29.9)	1.79	1.42–2.25	< 0.005
Obese (> 30)	2.00	1.50–2.65	< 0.005
Relationship status
Married/de-facto	Ref
Single/widowed/separated	0.95	0.69–1.30	0.73
Smoking
Non-smoker	Ref
Current smoker	0.77	0.50–1.20	0.26
Maternal ethnicity
Caucasian	Ref
Asian	0.87	0.71–1.07	0.196
Middle Eastern/Africa	1.72	1.28–2.31	< 0.005
Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander	1.25	0.60–2.60	0.55
Pacific Islander/Maori	1.69	1.07–2.65	0.023
South American (Latino)	0.70	0.29–1.66	0.41
Maternal religion
Christian	Ref
Other (Hindu, Buddhist, Jewish)	0.81	0.61–1.07	0.31
Muslim	1.45	1.09–1.93	0.011
No religion	0.83	0.66–1.03	0.09
Maternal education
Tertiary	Ref
High school	1.23	0.99–1.54	0.06
Other (nil, primary)	1.06	0.83–1.35	0.65
Not answered	0.93	0.46–1.92	0.85
Socio-economic status
High	Ref
Medium	1.31	0.97–1.76	0.075
Low	2.07	1.69–2.54	< 0.005
Employment
Employed	Ref
Unemployed	0.85	0.70–1.02	0.07
Pregnancy loss
Previous pregnancy loss	Ref
No pregnancy loss	1.15	0.90–1.49	0.26
Medical conditions in pregnancy
No diabetes	Ref
Pre-existing diabetes	0.89	0.46–1.72	0.73
No hypertension	Ref
Hypertension	0.87	0.54–1.40	0.56

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