Characteristics | Valproate Sub-group N = 226 | Total AED Groupa N = 3183 | AED Unexposed Group N = 43,956 | P Value** | P Value*** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal age at infant born, Mean ± SD | 25.9 ± 6.4 | 26.5 ± 6.0 | 24.6 ± 5.2 | <.0001 | 0.0014 |
Father’s age at infant birth, Mean ± SD | 52.1 ± 33.2 | 47.5 ± 30.7 | 43.3 ± 29.7 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s Race, N (%) | |||||
 White | 177 (72) | 2200 (69) | 20,333 (46) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
 Black | 27 (11) | 429 (13) | 13,991 (32) | ||
 Others | 41 (17) | 552 (17) | 9550 (22) | ||
Father’s Race, N (%) | |||||
 White | 95 (39) | 1455 (46) | 15,669 (36) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
 Black | 31 (13) | 327 (10) | 9733 (22) | ||
 Others | 32 (13) | 474 (15) | 8024 (18) | ||
Father’s education level, N (%) | |||||
 Above High School | 66 (40) | 765 (33) | 14,219 (41) | <.0001 | 0.7107 |
Mother’s previous adverse pregnancy experience, N (%) | 1 (0.7) | 23 (1) | 307 (2) | 0.0237 | 0.3482 |
Mother’s receipt of any prenatal care, N (%) | 143 (99) | 2172 (99) | 18,590 (98) | 0.5571 | 0.0246 |
Mother’s total number of prenatal visits, Mean ± SD | 11.1 ± 18.2 | 11.3 ± 16.9 | 8.8 ± 15.7 | <.0001 | 0.0059 |
Mother’s marital status, Yes, N (%) | 86 (35) | 1137 (36) | 18,041 (41) | <.0001 | 0.1679 |
Mother’s parity (previous live births), Mean ± SD | 1.1 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 5.1 | 1.7 ± 3.7 | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s tobacco use, N (%) | 74 (31) | 936 (30) | 7133 (16) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s average tobacco use, Mean ± SD | 4.8 ± 15.9 | 4.0 ± 13.5 | 1.7 ± 9.0 | <.0001 | 0.0028 |
Mother’s alcohol use, N (%) | 3 (1) | 38 (1) | 175 (0.4) | <.0001 | 0.0183 |
Mother’s education level, N (%) | |||||
 Above High School | 86 (37) | 1173 (37) | 16,772 (39) | 0.0980 | 0.5377 |
Infant male gender, N (%) | 120 (49) | 1549 (49) | 19,048 (43) | <.0001 | 0.0001 |
Mother’s previous gestational diabetes, N (%) | 6 (4) | 84 (4) | 604 (3) | 0.1714 | 0.4170 |
Mother’s previous gestational hypertension, N (%) | 6 (3) | 138 (5) | 1240 (3) | <.0001 | 0.2559 |
Mother’s previous cesarean, N (%) | 17 (13) | 306 (14) | 3056 (17) | 0.0005 | 0.1819 |
Mother’s Epilepsy diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 60 (24) | 571 (18) | 81 (0.2) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s Anxiety diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 15 (6) | 230 (7) | 218 (0.5) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s Neural Pain diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 0 (0) | 27 (0.9) | 27 (0.1) | <.0001 | >.999 |
Mother’s Bipolar diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 56 (23) | 444 (14) | 499 (1.1) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s Depression diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 21 (9) | 328 (10.3) | 743 (1.7) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s Migraine diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 12 (5) | 96 (3) | 173 (0.4) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s mental disorder diagnoses during baseline and pregnancy, N (%) | 90 (37) | 1118 (35) | 3777 (9) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s antipsychotic exposure during pregnancy, N (%) | 50 (20) | 338 (11) | 275 (0.6) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s antidepressants exposure during pregnancy, N (%) | 90 (37) | 886 (28) | 1281 (3) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s folic acid use during pregnancy, N (%) | 150 (61) | 1965 (62) | 17,948 (41) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Mother’s anxiolytics (including sedatives and hypnotics) exposure during pregnancy, N (%) | 76 (31) | 1832 (58) | 1452 (3) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Number of hospitalization for seizure during pregnancy, Median (min, max) | 0 (0, 4) | 0 (0, 6) | 0 (0, 3) | <.0001 | <.0001 |
Number of physician visits with seizure diagnoses during pregnancy, Median (min, max), N (%) | 0 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 5) | 0 (0, 6) | <.0001 | 0.0208 |
Mother’s infection and parasitic diagnosis during baseline and pregnancy, N (%)b | 30 (12) | 355 (11) | 2959 (7) | <.0001 | 0.0006 |
Mother’s antibiotics exposure during pregnancy, N (%) | 117 (48) | 1418 (45) | 13,854 (32) | <.0001 | <.0001 |