Care models | Type of care/intervention | Personnel | Organisation | Location |
---|---|---|---|---|
Universal provision model – no restrictions on eligibility | Clustered community-focussed models | TBAs; skilled birth attendants (midwives, nurses, physicians, ‘lady health workers’ etc.), health committees; community workers; health facilitators/educators/trainers; volunteers | Task-based; participatory women’s groups; learning and action cycle; mostly group-based within community settings; Lack of continuity of carer | Home; community setting; health centre; commune |
Reduced/flexible visits | Midwives, GPs (general practitioners/family physicians), obstetricians | Task-based; individual focus; lack of continuity | Hospital; urban community; clinic | |
Hospital-based group models | Midwives | Â | Antenatal clinic | |
Midwifery-led models (some allowed mixed risk) | Midwives; obstetric nurses; rural practice team | Midwifery-led; Continuity of care/carer; sometimes task-based. | Antenatal clinic; teaching hospital, rural clinic | |
Restricted ‘lower risk’-based model – eligibility limited to (‘low risk’ women) | Midwifery-led models | Midwives, with medical support as required | Midwife-led; Woman-centred; Continuity of care/carer | Home/community setting and/or hospital/institutional setting; birth centre. |
Reduced/flexible visits | Midwives, obstetricians, GPs (general practitioners/family physicians); OB-GYNs (obstetrician-gynecologists); certified nurse-midwives. | Task-based; individual focus; lack of continuity; some flexibility. | Hospital clinic; GP surgery; birth centre. | |
Augmented provision model – no restrictions on eligibility but with additional care given | Supplementary antenatal care or educational input | Psychotherapists; health care professionals (physicians; nurses; midwives); home visitors; community health workers; nurse-midwives | Group or individual focus; structured health education; continuity of care; family-focussed; case-note holding | Health centre; clinic; hospital; home |
Behavioural or lifestyle intervention, including effect of exercise on gestational weight gain, pregnancy outcomes, breast feeding, relaxation etc. | Dieticians; fitness instructors; obstetricians; ‘interventionist’ physiotherapists; midwives | Individual counselling; exercise training; dietary advice, weight management; hypnosis; task-based | Clinic; community; hospital; home | |
Targeted ‘higher risk’-based model - for specific groups | Specific care for women with identified Clinical/Psychosocial/Socio-demographic risk factors: | Physicians and/or midwives/nurses | Task-based or woman-centred Continuity of care/carer or no continuity | Hospital/institutional setting |