Author, year (Country) | Study population | Exposure definition | Outcome definition | Risk estimate Confounders | Main conclusion | Study Quality |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chokwiriyachit A et al., [19] (Thailand) | Hospital based, case–control, 2009 to 2010 Age range 14–45, 50 GDM 50 controls | 1 site with (PD) ≥5 mm and (CAL) ≥2 mm at the same site. | 2 step O’Sullivan’s criteria OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | OR = 7.92 (1.66 to 37.7) FH of DM, pre-pregnancy BMI, and weight gain during pregnancy. | Results suggest association between periodontitis and GDM | High |
Ruiz DR et al., [47] (Brazil) | Hospital based, case–control, 2011 161 pregnant women, 80 GDM mean age 33 years., 50 controls mean age 27 years. | Probing on six sites per tooth and periodontal parameters were evaluated, GM, PD, CAL, PI, BI, BOP and MI | 2 step Carpenter and Coustan criteria. 2 step OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | (GA, age, FPG, pre-BMI, and HbA1c) | Periodontitis was significantly higher in Brazilian diabetic pregnancies (GDM and T1DM) compared to non-diabetic pregnant women | Medium |
Xiong, X et al., [26] (USA) | Hospital based, case–control 2007 and 2008, 159 pregnant women, 53 GDM mean age 29.9, 106 controls mean age 27.1 | Any site with a PD ≥ 4 mm or a CAL ≥ 4 mm. | 2 step Carpenter and Coustan criteria. 2 step OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | 2.6 (1.1–6.1) Age, parity, race, marital status, education, income, smoking, alcohol, antibiotics use, family history of DM, income, dental insurance BMI | This study supports the hypothesis of an association between periodontal disease and GD | High |
Dasanayake AP et al., [24] (USA) | Hospital based, nested case–control, 262 pregnant women, 22 GDM mean age 28.7, 240 controls mean age 26.6 | ≥1 pocket with PD > 3 mm | 2 step Carpenter and Coustan criteria. 2 step OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | OR = 1.68 (0.52-5.43) (Bivariate analysis) Prior GDM, pre-pregnancy BMI | Periodontal disease did not differ b/n those with GDM and controls | High |
Lima E et al., [27] (Brazil) | Hospital based, case–control, 2010 to 2011 360 pregnant women, aged 18–44 mean age 27.2, 90 GDM mean age 32.9, 270 control mean age 25.3 | BOP, PD, CAL in 4 sites of all present teeth. ≥4 teeth, with >1 site having PD ≥4 mm was diagnostic | ADA standard for screening and diagnosis of GDM | OR = 0.74 (0.40 to 1.38) Maternal age, marital stability, parity, smoking, alcohol consumption, chronic HPN and BMI | High prevalence of periodontitis was found among cases and controls with no association between periodontitis and GDM | High |
Mishra P et al. [45] India | Hospital based, 2009 to 2011 case–control, 90 pregnant women, 30 GDM with mean age 28, 60 control mean age 24 | Any site with PD ≥ 4 mm and clinical AL ≥ 3 mm | 1-h, 50-g oral glucose challenge test (GCT). If the glucose level was >135 mg/dl (GCT positive) | Generalized: OR = 0.49 (0.07 to 3.52) Localized: OR = 0.54 (0.08 to 3.79) | The results of this study showed that periodontal disease is not significantly associated with GDM | Low |
Bagis et al. [42] (Turkey) | Hospital based, 2004 to 2005 case–control, 165 pregnant women, 85 GDM: 80 control, with mean age 28, 60 control mean age 25.85 | Assessed using PI; GI; PPD; BOP | 2 step Carpenter and Coustan criteria. 2 step OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | NR | Compared to healthy pregnant women, the values GI and BOP were significantly higher for women with GDM | Medium |
Bullon P, et al. (2013) (Spain) | Hospital based, cross-sectional, 2013, 188 pregnant women ages 16–44 years., 26GDM, 162 controls | ≥2 interproximal sites with CAL ≥6 mm (not on the same tooth) and ≥1 interproximal site with PD ≥5 mm | 2 step O’Sullivan’s criteria OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | Periodontitis | Periodontitis in GDM vs. No-GDM (15.5 % vs. 5.6 %; P = 0.086) Plague positive OR = 1.012 (1.0 to 1.02). Periodontal disease may be associated with GDM | Not assessed |
Habib FA et al. [44] (Saudi) | Hospital based, 250 pregnant women, mean age 32, 100 GDM, 100 pregnant non-GDM and 50 non pregnant women | The Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) | 2 step Carpenter and Coustan criteria. 2 step OGTT screening was performed at 24 to 28, and ≥2 abnormal values was diagnostic of GDM | NR | GDM; showed significant positive correlation between CPITN scoring | Not assessed |
Novak, KF et al. [46] (USA) | Cross-sectional, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III sample 4070 pregnant women, age 20 to 59, 88 GDM, 3982 controls | ≥1 teeth with ≥1 site with probing pocket depth ≥ 4 mm, clinical attachment loss ≥ 2 mm and bleeding on probing | GDM: Self reported | OR = 2.7 (0.7 to 10.5) Age, presence of sub-gingival calculus, history of smoking, and income | GDM was associated with severe periodontal disease than those without GDM, the association was not statistically significant | Not assessed |