Determinants of stillbirths in Ghana: does quality of antenatal care matter?

Afulani, Patience A.

doi:10.1186/s12884-016-0925-9

BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

Table 1 Sample distribution, Women who attended antenatal care (ANC) at least once, Ghana Maternal Health Survey (GMHS), 2007 (N = 4,868)

From: Determinants of stillbirths in Ghana: does quality of antenatal care matter?

	Unweighted		Weighted
Variables	N	%	%	[95 % C.I]
Last Birth outcome
Live birth	4,791	98.4	98.5	[98.1 98.9]
Stillbirth	77	1.6	1.5	[1.1 1.9]
Pregnancy duration^a
7 months	13	16.9	14.7	[. .]
8 months	7	9.1	9.1	[. .]
9 months	53	68.8	70.0	[. .]
10 months	4	5.2	5.4	[. .]
Age in years
15–19 years	236	4.8	4.9	[4.2 5.6]
20–24	891	18.3	18.5	[17.1 19.8]
25–29	1,138	23.4	23.0	[21.6 24.4]
30–34	1,082	22.2	22.6	[21.3 23.8]
35–39	881	18.1	18.2	[17.1 19.4]
40–49 years	640	13.1	12.8	[11.8 13.9]
Mean	4,868	30.5	30.4	[30.2 30.7]
Marital status
Currently married	3,510	72.1	71.8	[69.7 73.9]
Cohabiting	666	13.7	14.1	[12.5 15.7]
Previously married	347	7.1	7.0	[6.1 7.8]
Never married	345	7.1	7.1	[6.2 8.0]
No. of pregnancies (Gravidity)
One	819	16.82	16.6	[15.4 17.8]
Two	810	16.64	16.1	[15.0 17.4]
Three	814	16.72	17.1	[16.0 18.3]
Four	692	14.22	14.5	[13.5 15.6]
Five or more	1,733	35.6	35.7	[34.1 37.4]
Mean	4,868	3.9	3.9	[3.9 4.0]
Past Stillbirth	220	4.5	4.4	[3.8 5.0]
Past miscarriage	791	16.2	15.6	[14.4 16.9]
Past induced abortion	767	15.8	15.2	[13.6 16.7]
Pregnancy complication	1,050	21.6	20.4	[19.0 21.8]
Multiple gestation	126	2.6	2.5	[2.0 3.0]
Sister maternal death	85	1.7	1.9	[1.5 2.3]
Highest Education
None	1,588	32.6	33.0	[29.6 36.4]
Primary	1,072	22.0	22.1	[20.2 23.9]
Middle/JSS	1,804	37.1	37.5	[34.5 40.4]
Secondary/SSS/ higher	404	8.3	7.5	[6.3 8.6]
Mean years education	4,868	5.2	5.1	[4.8 5.4]
Household wealth index
Poorest	1,024	21.0	20.7	[17.7 23.6]
Poorer	943	19.4	21.0	[18.6 23.5]
Middle	930	19.1	20.4	[18.2 22.7]
Richer	976	20.0	20.3	[18.1 22.4]
Richest	995	20.4	17.6	[15.5 19.7]
Religious affiliation
Catholic	661	13.6	13.6	[11.5 15.8]
Methodist/Presbyterian	652	13.4	14.4	[12.7 16.1]
Pentecostal/Charismatic	1,444	29.7	28.3	[26.4 30.2]
Other Christian	810	16.6	16.8	[15.2 18.5]
Moslem	863	17.7	18.3	[15.0 21.7]
Traditional/other	438	9.0	8.5	[6.9 10.1]
Ethnicity
Akan	2,197	45.1	47.1	[43.2 50.9]
Ga/Dangme/Guan	504	10.4	9.2	[7.1 11.2]
Ewe	615	12.6	12.0	[9.7 14.3]
Mole-Dagbani/Hausa	583	12.0	13.1	[9.6 16.6]
Grussi/Gruma	534	11.0	10.3	[7.2 13.4]
Other	435	8.9	8.4	[6.3 10.5]
Setting
Rural	2,967	60.9	64.8	[61.7 67.9]
Urban	1,901	39.1	35.2	[32.1 38.3]
Region
Greater Accra	619	12.7	9.5	[8.0 11.1]
Central	429	8.8	9.9	[8.3 11.6]
Western	371	7.6	8.2	[6.4 10.1]
Volta	389	8.0	9.2	[6.7 11.7]
Eastern	724	14.9	11.7	[10.3 13.1]
Ashanti	837	17.2	18.9	[16.5 21.4]
Brong Ahafo	486	10.0	11.7	[9.9 13.5]
Northern	491	10.1	13.1	[9.7 16.5]
Upper east	298	6.1	4.8	[3.7 5.8]
Upper west	224	4.6	3.0	[2.1 3.8]
No. of ANC visits
1–3 visits	990	20.3	20.2	[18.4 22.1]
4 or more	3,878	79.7	79.8	[77.9 81.6]
Mean	4,868	5.8	5.8	[5.6 5.9]
Trimester of first ANC visit
First trimester	2,688	55.2	54.9	[52.9 56.8]
Second trimester	1,992	40.9	41.3	[39.6 43.1]
Third trimester	181	3.7	3.6	[3.0 4.2]
Where ANC took place
Gov’t health facility^b	4,119	84.6	85.3	[82.9 87.7]
Gov’t hospital/polyclinic	2,200	45.2	45.3	[41.3 49.2]
Other Gov’t facility	1,919	39.4	40.0	[36.1 43.9]
Only Private facility/maternity home	703	14.4	14.0	[11.6 16.4]
Highest trained ANC provider
Doctor	1,006	20.7	19.4	[17.6 21.3]
Nurse	3,743	76.9	78.5	[76.6 80.3]
All others	119	2.4	2.1	[1.5 2.6]
Reason for seeking ANC
For checkup	4,044	83.1	83.1	[81.7 84.6]
For a problem	824	16.9	16.9	[15.4 18.3]
ANC quality score
7 or less	1,901	39.1	39.1	[36.4 41.8]
8 or 9	2,967	61.0	60.9	[58.2 63.6]
Mean	4,868	7.4	7.4	[7.3 7.5]
Delivery assisted by
SBA	2,876	59.1	57.3	[54.1 60.5]
Doctor	493	10.1	9.6	[8.4 10.7]
Nurse/Midwife	2,331	47.9	46.7	[43.7 49.7]
Auxiliary nurse/midwife	52	1.1	1.0	[0.6 1.4]
Not a SBA	1,992	40.9	42.7	[39.5 45.9]
Trained TBA	943	19.4	20.1	[17.9 22.3]
Untrained TBA	421	8.6	9.0	[7.5 10.4]
Relative/friend	473	9.7	10.5	[8.6 12.4]
No one	154	3.2	3.1	[2.5 3.7]
Other/DK	1	0.0	0.0	[0.0 0.1]
Type of Delivery facility
Not health facility	2,029	41.7	43.7	[40.4 46.9]
Health facility	2,839	58.3	56.3	[53.1 59.6]
Type of facility^c
Gov’t hospital/polyclinic	1,530	53.9	53.8	[50.1 57.6]
Other Gov’t facility	689	24.3	26.2	[22.7 29.6]
Private clinic/maternity home	620	21.8	20.0	[17.2 22.8]
Delivery assisted by^c
Doctor	491	17.3	16.9	[15.0 18.8]
Nurse/Midwife	2,265	79.8	80.4	[78.3 82.5]
Auxiliary nurse/midwife	41	1.4	1.4	[0.8 2.0]
Trained TBA	34	1.2	1.1	[0.6 1.5]
Other	8	0.3	0.2	[−0.1 0.6]
Intervention during delivery^c
No	1,702	60.0	60.4	[58.0 62.8]
Yes	1,137	40.0	39.6	[37.2 42.0]
Caesarian delivery	346	12.2	12.1	[10.6 13.6]
Forceps	94	3.3	3.3	[2.5 4.1]
Blood transfusion	92	3.2	2.9	[2.2 3.5]
IV Infusion	1,016	35.8	35.1	[32.9 37.4]
Number of clusters	400
Number of women	4,868

Notes: The denominator for all is the total analytic sample (4,868) except for ^awhere the denominator is total stillbirths (77) and ^c where the denominator is deliveries in a health facility (2,839) . ^brefers to people who had some ANC from a government facility but 98 % were exclusively in a government facility

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ISSN: 1471-2393

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