Socio-demographic indicators | Possession of ANC card (n = 596 RDM) | Adequate ANC visits (4 and above) (n =596 RDM) | Some ANC visit (1 and above) (n =596 RDM) | ANC registration in the first trimester (n = 417 RDM) | Facility based childbirth (n = 596 RDM) | Post-partum visit to health facility (n = 596 RDM) | Use of modern contraception (n = 596 RDM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-economic Position | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Poorest (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  Second | 1.13 (0.62, 2.03) | 1.22 (0.64, 2.33) | 1.13 (0.63, 2.03) | 1.20 (0.57, 2.49) | 1.18 (0.65, 2.14) | 2.16 (1.20, 3.91) | 1.19 (0.59, 2.40) |
  Middle | 2.55 (1.35, 4.85) | 3.31 (1.75, 6.27) | 2.55 (1.35, 4.85) | 0.92 (0.45, 1.88) | 2.16 (1.13, 4.14) | 1.91 (1.05, 3.48) | 1.90 (0.93, 3.87) |
  Fourth | 2.65 (1.34, 5.24) | 3.83 (1.95, 7.53) | 2.65 (1.34, 5.24) | 1.00 (0.48, 2.11) | 3.89 (1.85, 8.18) | 2.76 (1.48, 5.17) | 1.82 (0.86, 3.82) |
  Least poor | 1.99 (0.96, 4.15) | 5.86 (2.82 12.19) | 1.99 (0.96, 4.15) | 1.80 (0.81, 3.97) | 4.87 (2.12, 11.16) | 3.18 (1.62, 6.26) | 1.78 (0.78, 4.06) |
0. | <0.001 | 0.006 | 0.31 | 0.0003 | 0.009 | 0.35 | |
Cluster vulnerability score (0–10) | 1 (0.84, 1.2) | 0.85 (0.72, 1.00) | 1 (0.84, 1.2) | 0.85 (0.72 , 0.99) | 0.87 (0.76, 0.99) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) | 0.95 (0.73, 1.23) |
0.98 | 0.057 | 0.99 | 0.041 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.68 | |
Interval OR-80 | - | 0.31- 2.29 | - | 0.44 - 1.65 | 0.65 -1.17 | 1.12-1.12 | |
Distance of cluster from PUHC (in km) | 1.70 (0.68, 4.25) | 1.30 (0.56, 3.03) | 1.7 (0.68, 4.25) | 1.09 (0.48, 2.47) | 1.42 (0.68, 2.94) | 0.59 (0.32, 1.07) | 1.34 (0.37, 4.86) |
0.25 | 0.55 | 0.25 | 0.84 | 0.35 | 0.081 | 0.66 | |
Family size | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Up to 5 members | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  More than 5 | 1.02 (0.63, 1.67) | 0.92 (0.58, 1.45) | 1.02 (0.63, 1.67) | 1.04 (0.62, 1.76) | 0.34 (0.20, 0.59) | 0.56 (0.36, 0.88) | 1.60 (0.94, 2.72) |
0.93 | 0.71 | 0.92 | 0.88 | <0.001 | 0.012 | 0.081 | |
Religion | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Non-muslim | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  Muslim | 0.95 (0.54, 1.68) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.46) | 0.95 (0.54, 1.68) | 0.91 (0.49, 1.68) | 0.44 (0.25, 0.76) | 0.88 (0.53, 1.46) | 1.11 (0.60, 2.06) |
0.87 | 0.55 | 0.87 | 0.768 | 0.003 | 0.623 | 0.74 | |
Caste | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  SC/ST (ref) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  OBC | 0.76 (0.43, 1.32) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.84) | 0.76 (0.43. 1.32) | 1.42 (0.79, 2.56) | 1.05 (0.59, 1.86) | 1.80 (1.10, 2.94) | 0.57 (0.30, 1.08) |
  General | 0.78 (0.49, 1.22) | 0.88 (0.57, 1.35) | 0.78 (0.50, 1.23) | 1.36 (0.84, 2.21) | 1.50 (0.92, 2.43) | 1.94 (1.30, 2.88) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.52) |
0.42 | 0.66 | 0.489 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 0. 003 | 0.20 | |
Family type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Extended | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  Nuclear | 0.66 (0.39, 1.14) | 1.71 (1.03, 2.84) | 0.67 (0.39, 1.14) | 1.22 (0.70, 2.11) | 0.60 (0.34, 1.07) | 0.46 (0.29, 0.73) | 2.28 (1.26, 4.15) |
0.14 | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.48 | 0.083 | 0.001 | 0.006 | |
Age (3Â year interval) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.1 (0.94, 1.28) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.31) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.24) | 1.14 (0.96, 1.35) | 1.14 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.12 (0.94. 1.32) |
0.15 | 0.23 | 0.16 | 0.64 | 0.127 | 0.065 | 0.21 | |
Literacy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Illiterate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  Literate women | 0.57 (0.31, 1.05) | 0.80 (0.45, 1.44) | 0.57 (0.31, 1.06) | 1.10 (0.58, 2.10) | 1.23 (0.69, 2.18) | 1.43 (0.81, 2.52) | 1.07 (0.55, 2.06) |
0.075 | 0.46 | 0.075 | 0.77 | 0.49 | 0.21 | 0.84 | |
Parity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Multiparous | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
  Primi / First child | 2.03 (1.29, 3.19) | 1.28 (0.85. 1.92) | 2.03 ( 1.29, 3.19) | 1.35 (0.86, 2.13) | 1.68 (1.02, 2.76) | 1.65 (1.12, 2.43) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.14) |
0.002 | 0.25 | 0.002 | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.011 | 0.154 | |
ICC (unadjusted), 95Â %CI | .084 (0.035, 0.189) | 0.126 (0.062 0.238) | 0.85 (0.35, 0.189) | 0.087 (0.32, 217) | 0.09 (0.47, 0.2) | 0.011 (0.0002, 0.28) | 0.19 (0.11, 0.34) |
P value for ICC = 0 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.27 | <0.001 |
Model (Variance and SE of | 0.13 (0.127) | 0.299 (0.1512) | 0.360 (0.166) | 0.132 (0.1257) | 0.0265 (1.004) | 1.17e-34 (1.41e-16) | 1.05 (0.402) |
cluster), Median OR | 2.63 | 1.68 | 1.77 | 1.41 | 1.16 | 0 | 2.66 |