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Table. 1 Enrolment characteristics of pregnant women and association with areca nut use (n = 2700)

From: Determining effects of areca (betel) nut chewing in a prospective cohort of pregnant women in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea

Characteristics

Non-users

Occasional users (<1/day)

Mild users (1-2/day)

Moderate users (3–5/day)

Heavy users (≥6/day)

Pa

Pb

Areca nut

16.7

(451)

11.5

(310)

24.1

(650)

27.3

(736)

20.5

(553)

-

-

Smoking

5.3

(24/451)

13.6

(42/310)

16.2

(105/650)

22.0

(162/736)

32.2

(178/553)

<0.001

<0.001

Alcohol

2.5

(11/444)

5.2

(16/309)

4.9

(32/649)

5.6

(41/735)

6.4

(35/551)

0.07

0.007

Rural residence

57.0

(257/451)

56.5

(175/310)

63.7

(414/650)

63.7

(469/736)

66.9

(370/553)

0.003

0.009

Highlands origin

12.2

(55/451)

8.4

(26/310)

4.6

(30/650)

4.8

(35/736)

4.0

(22/553)

<0.001

<0.001

Literate

89.6

(404/451)

90.9

(281/309)

89.4

(580/649)

89.9

(660/734)

86.9

(479/551)

0.36

0.80

Generates income

50.1

(221/441)

55.7

(165/296)

57.4

(347/605)

57.9

(402/694)

55.7

(293/526)

0.11

0.009

Anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dL)

73.4

(318/433)

82.7

(239/289)

81.9

(514/628)

84.1

(590/702)

85.0

(446/525)

<0.001

<0.001

Malariac

6.7

(30/449)

10.0

(31/310)

8.3

(54/648)

7.0

(51/734)

5.3

(29/551)

0.09

0.62

Primigravidae

52.8

(238/451)

62.6

(194/310)

58.5

(380/650)

44.7

(329/736)

38.5

(213/553)

<0.001

0.22

MUAC <23 cm

26.3

(115/437)

17.1

(52/304)

31.3

(200/639)

30.0

(215/716)

27.1

(148/547)

<0.001

0.50

Age (years)

24.0

[20.0–28.0]

23.0

[20.0–26.0]

22.0

[19.0–26.0]

24.0

[20.0–28.0]

25.0

[21.0–29.0]

<0.001

0.22

Haemoglobin (g/dL)

9.9

[9.2–11.0]

9.8

[9.0–10.6]

9.6

[8.8–10.6]

9.6

[8.8–10.4]

9.5

[8.6–10.3]

<0.001

<0.001

Mean arterial pressure

78.0

[71.7–84.3]

77.7

[72.0–84.7]

78.0

[71.7–83.7]

77.0

[71.0–83.3]

76.0

[69.7–82.0]

0.004

0.16

Fundal height (cm)

22.0

[18.0–24.0]

22.0

[19.0–24.0]

22.0

[19.0–24.0]

22.0

[20.0–24.0]

22.8

[20.0–24.0]

<0.001

0.006

  1. NOTE: Data are % (no. /total), or median [IQR]; p-values are for comparisons across the different groups of chewers. MUAC mid-upper arm circumference
  2. aP-values for comparison across all 5 groups. Bonferroni adjusted cut-off of significance: P = 0.005
  3. bP-values for comparison of users (occasional, mild, moderate, heavy) versus non-users
  4. cBy light microscopy, any Plasmodium spp
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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