Table 1 Participants and their family characteristics and parental smoking during pregnancy
From: Adverse effects of parental smoking during pregnancy in urban and rural areas
Characteristic | Neither parent smoked | Only father smoked | Only mother smoked | Both parents smoked | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Sex of infant | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.135 |
   Boy | 408 (51.3) | 1220 (50.9) | 43 (51.2) | 89 (61.0) |  |
   Girl | 388 (48.7) | 1176 (49.1) | 41 (48.8) | 57 (39.0) |  |
Birth order | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
   1 | 201 (29.3) | 544 (25.4) | 17 (23.9) | 15 (18.3) |  |
   2 or 3 | 311 (45.3) | 1022 (47.8) | 32 (45.1) | 28 (34.1) |  |
   4 or more | 175 (25.5) | 574 (26.8) | 22 (31.0) | 39 (47.6) |  |
Maternal age at delivery | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
   <21years | 67 (9.8) | 235 (11.0) | 17 (25.0) | 7 (8.6) |  |
   21 – 34 years | 594 (87.2) | 1834 (86.1) | 46 (67.6) | 66 (81.5) |  |
   >34years | 20 (2.9) | 61 (2.9) | 5 (7.4) | 8 (9.9) |  |
Father’s education |  |  |  |  | <0.001 |
   None | 126 (16.6) | 380 (16.7) | 19 (23.5) | 33 (22.9) |  |
   Elementary | 285 (37.6) | 1169 (51.3) | 27 (33.3) | 73 (50.7) |  |
   Junior high | 105 (13.9) | 300 (13.2) | 8 (9.9) | 22 (15.3) |  |
   Senior high | 152 (20.1) | 309 (13.6) | 19 (23.5) | 12 (8.3) |  |
   Post-graduate | 89 (11.8) | 121 (5.3) | 8 (9.9) | 4 (2.8) |  |
Maternal employment | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.015 |
   Not working | 388 (53.0) | 1224 (54.7) | 37 (48.7) | 45 (39.8) |  |
   Working | 344 (47.0) | 1015 (45.3) | 39 (51.3) | 68 (60.2) |  |
Parental BMI | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
   Both parents < 25 kg/m2 | 510 (74.5) | 1703 (79.9) | 52 (73.2) | 68 (84.0) |  |
   Only mother ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 83 (12.1) | 268 (12.6) | 7 (9.9) | 12 (14.8) |  |
   Only father ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 66 (9.6) | 126 (5.9) | 8 (11.3) | 0 (0.0) |  |
   Both parents ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 26 (3.8) | 35 (1.6) | 4 (5.6) | 1 (1.2) |  |
Household income | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
   Q1 (lowest) | 119 (17.8) | 504 (24.9) | 12 (18.2) | 23 (26.4) |  |
   Q2 (middle) | 391 (58.6) | 1154 (57.1) | 43 (65.2) | 43 (49.4) |  |
   Q3 (highest) | 157 (23.5) | 364 (18.0) | 11 (16.7) | 21 (24.1) |  |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | <0.001 |
   Urban | 401 (50.4) | 990 (41.3) | 41 (48.8) | 43 (29.5) |  |
   Rural | 395 (49.6) | 1406 (58.7) | 43 (51.2) | 103 (70.5) |  |