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Table 2 Reported and estimated daily energy, nutrient and food group intake

From: Reported dietary intake in early pregnant compared to non-pregnant women – a cross-sectional study

 

Pregnant women

Referent women

Pregnant vs referent women

Daily intake

<35 years

≥35 years

 

<35 years

≥35 years

 

p-value

Based on means

Based on residuals6

(n = 176)

(n = 33)

p-value

(n = 103)

(n = 103)

p-value

Nutrients

        

Reported total energy (kcal)1

1627 (1550-1703)

1529 (1345-1712)

0.334

1715 (1626-1804)

1682 (1592-1772)

0.612

0.013

-

 Carbohydrate (E%)1

45.7 (44.8-46.7)

46.9 (44.6-49.1)

0.353

45.2 (44.0-46.5)

48.0 (46.8-49.3)

0.705

0.649

-

 Fat (E%)1

38.9 (37.9.2-39.9)

36.1 (33.7-38.4)

0.028

38.8 (37.5-40.1)

34.2 (32.9-35.5)

0.215

0.183

-

 Protein (E%)1

14.7 (14.4-15.0)

15.7 (15.0-16.5)

0.017

15.0 (14.5-15.5)

16.1 (15.6-16.6)

0.264

0.259

-

 Alcohol (E%)1

0.5 (0.4-0.7)

1.2 (0.8-1.6)

0.003

0.9 (0.6-1.1)

1.4 (1.1-1.7)

0.022

0.019

-

Estimated total energy (kcal)2

2033 (1938-2130)

1911 (1681-2141)

 

2144 (2032-2256

2102 (1990-2215)

 

-

 

 Whole grain (g)2

57.6 (54.2-61.1)

76.6 (68.4-84.8)

<0.001

61.8 (56.6-67.0)

75.8 (70.5-81.0)

<0.001

0.784

0.960

 Sucrose (g)2

32.4 (30.3-34.5)

27.8 (22.8-32.9)

0.105

33.4 (30.4-36.3)

30.7 (27.7-33.7)

0.232

0.810

0.985

 Total fat (g)2

86.5 (83.6-89.5)

79.1 (72.0-86.2)

0.059

91.3 (87.3-95.2)

78.4 (74.4-82.4)

<0.001

0.561

0.173

 Saturated fatty acids (g)2

34.9 (33.4-36.3)

33.0 (29.6-36.4)

0.315

36.7 (34.9-38.6)

32.1 (30.3-34.0)

0.001

0.385

0.158

 Monounsaturated fatty acids (g)2

29.6 (28.6-30.6)

27.6 (25.2-30.0)

0.144

32.8 (31.4-34.3)

28.4 (27.0-29.9)

<0.001

0.203

0.329

 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g)2

16.4 (15.5-17.4)

12.9 (10.6-15.2)

0.006

17.1 (15.8-18.4)

13.2 (12.0-14.5)

<0.001

0.954

0.655

 Iodine (μg)2

151 (144-159)

140 (123-157)

0.237

159 (149-169)

170 (160-181)

0.113

0.278

0.448

 Calcium (mg)2

913 (867-960)

966 (855-1078)

0.390

904 (839-967)

919 (854-984)

0.752

0.101

0.072

 “with supplement (mg)2,3

948 (901-996)

999 (886-1112)

0.418

916 (851-981)

924 (859-990)

0.860

0.023

0.014

 Iron (mg)2

12.9 (12.5-13.4)

13.4 (12.3-14.5)

0.478

14.3 (13.7-14.8)

14.7 (14.2-15.3)

0.243

0.032

0.032

 “with supplement (μg)2,3

14.9 (13.9-15.8)

15.3 (12.9-17.6)

0.737

15.9 (14.9-16.9)

15.2 (14.3-16.2)

0.381

0.734

0.996

 Vitamin D (μg)2

6.6 (6.3-6.9)

6.7 (6.0-7.4)

0.890

6.9 (6.5-7.3)

6.3 (5.9-6.7)

0.024

0.433

0.212

 “with supplement (μg)2,3

9.9 (9.2-10.5)

10.6 (9.1-12.2)

0.375

8.1 (7.5-8.7)

7.2 (6.6-7.9)

0.071

<0.001

<0.001

 Folate (μg)2

277 (253-301)

280 (222-338)

0.939

300 (274-326)

327 (300-353)

0.169

0.629

0.946

 “with supplement (μg)2,3

423 (386-460)

458 (369-547)

0.478

353 (316-389)

370 (333-407)

0.522

<0.000

<0.001

 Vitamin B12 (μg)2

5.4 (5.1-5.7)

5.6 (4.9-6.4)

0.506

6.0 (5.5-6.4)

5.6 (5.2-6.1)

0.263

0.450

0.675

 “with supplement (μg)2,3

6.5 (6.1-6.8)

7.0 (6.1-7.8)

0.305

6.4 (5.9-6.8)

5.9 (5.4-6.4)

0.210

0.056

0.015

Foods

        

 Potato/rice/pasta (g)4

169 (155-182)

145 (113-176)

0.170

186 (165-207)

211 (190-231)

0.248

0.004

-

 Meat/fish (g)4

99 (91-107)

110 (92-129)

0.295

125 (113-138)

127 (115-140)

0.992

0.001

-

 Vegetables (g)4

102 (84-119)

71 (30-112)

0.172

141 (112-169)

149 (121-178)

0.686

0.002

-

Supplements (%) 5

        

 Multi-vitamin

40.9

51.5

0.258

14.6

13.6

0.841

<0.001

-

 Multi-mineral

17.6

15.2

0.731

5.8

2.9

0.498

<0.000

-

 Iron

10.8

12.1

0.766

8.7

2.9

0.134

0.058

-

  1. Data are presented as mean/median with 95% CI/min-max, respectively. Further, proportion (%) reporting intake of a supplement the latest two weeks in early pregnant women and a population based referent group.
  2. 1Mean values are based on reported FFQ frequencies, with adjustment for education (university yes/no), body mass index (3 groups) and smoking (yes/no) in age groups and also for age group in pregnancy status groups using a generalized linear model. Carbohydrate, fat, protein, and alcohol intake are presented as the proportion of total reported energy intake originating from the respective nutrient/alcohol (E%). Differences between groups are tested with Student's t-test.
  3. 2Energy and nutrient intake increased by 25% to adjust for underreporting resulting from shortening of the FFQ by 25% from the original validated version. Means are adjusted for education (university yes/no), body mass index (3 groups) and smoking (yes/no) and age group as described in footnote 1. Differences between groups are tested with Student's t-test.
  4. 3Mean values represent estimated adjusted nutrient intake with addition from supplements in those who reported intake of a multivitamin, multimineral, or iron supplement the latest 2 weeks. Addition has been done with the most common content in over-the-counter sold supplements targeting women, i.e. calcium 200 mg, iron 18 mg, vitamin D 7.5 μg, folate 200 μg as folic acid, and vitamin B12 2.5 μg. Adjustment and testing are as described in footnote 2.
  5. 4Mean values are based on reported FFQ frequencies and portion sizes as defined in the basic FFQ validation study [18].
  6. 5Numbers represent proportion (%) reporting intake of a supplement the latest 2 weeks. Differences in sampling distribution were tested with Pearson's Chi-square test or Fischer's exact test if five or fewer observations in a cell.
  7. 6Residuals from the regression of the nutrient on energy were used for testing (Students t-test) according to the residual method described by Willet [27],[34].
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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