Table 4 Baseline health characteristics by study group

Smoking status, n (%)

N = 728

N = 235

N = 493

  Non-smoker

678 (93.1%)

215 (91.5%)

463 (93.9%)

  Smoking regularly

46 (6.3%)

18 (7.7%)

28 (5.7%)

  Smoking occasionally

4 (0.5%)

2 (0.9%)

2 (0.4%)

0.44¹

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

N = 719

N = 232

N = 487

  None (0 portions a week)

567 (78.9%)

100 (43.1%)

467 (95.9%)

  Less than 5 portions a week

143 (19.9%)

123 (53.0%)

20 (4.1%)

  5-10 portions a week

7 (1.0%)

7 (3.0%)

0 (0.0%)

  More than 10 but not more than 16 portions a week

2 (0.3%)

2 (0.9%)

0 (0.0%)

<0.001¹

BMI (kg/m²⁾

N = 725

N = 235

N = 490

  Mean (SD)

31.9 (6.0)

30.1 (6.2)

32.7 (5.6)

<0.001²

BMI grouping, n (%)

N = 725

N = 235

N = 490

  Underweight (< 18,5)

4 (0.6%)

2 (0.9%)

2 (0.4%)

  Normal (18,5-24,9)

105 (14.5%)

57 (24.3%)

48 (9.8%)

  Overweight (25,0-29,9)

132 (18.2%)

62 (26.4%)

70 (14.3%)

  Moderately obese (30,0-34,9)

270 (37.2%)

62 (26.4%)

208 (42.4%)

  Severely obese (35,0-39,9)

160 (22.1%)

36 (15.3%)

124 (25.3%)

  Very severely obese (≥ 40,0 or more)

54 (7.4%)

16 (6.8%)

38 (7.8%)

<0.001¹

Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m²)

N = 492

  Mean (SD)

32.2 (5.8)

Pre-pregnancy BMI grouping n (%)

N = 492

  Underweight (less than 18,5)

2 (0.4%)

  Normal (18,5-24,9)

66 (13.4%)

  Overweight (25,0-29,9)

59 (12.0%)

  Moderately obese (30,0-34,9)

222 (45.1%)

  Severely obese (35,0-39,9)

107 (21.7%)

  Very severely obese (40,0 or more)

36 (7.3%)

Parental history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease, n (%)

N = 705

N = 229

N = 476

  No

263 (37.3%)

82 (35.8%)

181 (38.0%)

  Yes

442 (62.7%)

147 (64.2%)

295 (62.0%)

  Type I diabetes

10 (1.4%)

2 (0.9%)

8 (1.7%)

0.40¹

  Type II diabetes

197 (27.9%)

69 (30.1%)

128 (26.9%)

0.37¹

  Hypertension

351 (49.8%)

114 (49.8%)

237 (49.8%)

1.00¹

  Coronary artery disease

88 (12.5%)

30 (13.1%)

58 (12.2%)

0.73¹

N = 714

N = 232

N = 482

Parental history of overweight or obesity, n (%)

527 (73.8%)

172 (74.1%)

355 (73.7%)

0.89¹

Maternal overweight or obesity, n (%)

N = 702

N = 229

N = 473

  Yes

386 (55.0%)

123 (53.7%)

263 (55.6%)

  Yes, before, but not any more

1 (0.1%)

1 (0.4%)

0 (0.0%)

  No

315 (44.9%)

105 (45.9%)

210 (44.4%)

0.33¹

Paternal overweight or obesity, n (%)

N = 697

N = 225

N = 472

  Yes

332 (47.6%)

114 (50.7%)

218 (46.2%)

  Yes, before, but not any more

9 (1.3%)

0 (0.0%)

9 (1.9%)

  No

356 (51.1%)

111 (49.3%)

245 (51.9%)

0.08¹