Table 2 Studies examining the association between COVID-19 lockdown and the rates of stillbirth
Study Ref. | Design | Country | Data Source | Study Period | Pregnancy type | Before Lockdown Period | During Lockdown Period | Effect | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Definition | Rate/ 1000 total births | p-value and/or (95% CI) | Definition | Rate/ 1000 total births | p-value and/or (95% CI) | OR or RR | p-value and/or (95% CI) | % Reduction/Increase | ||||||
Cohort studies | ||||||||||||||
 Ashish et al. (2020) | Cohort | Nepal | SUSTAIN1and REFINE2 studies | Jan 1-May 30, 2020 | Singletons | Stillbirth3 | 14 | < 0.0001 (12, 16) | Stillbirth | 21 | < 0.0001 (18, 25) | aRR = 1.46 | 0.0042 (1.13, 1.89) | Increase |
 De Curtis et al. (2020) [14] | Retrospective | Italy | Lazio hospital discharge database | March–May, 2020 | Singletons | Stillbirth | 10 | N/A | Stillbirth | 26 | N/A | N/A | 0.0017 | Increase |
 Gallo et al. (2021) | Retrospective | Australia | Mater Mothers’ electronic healthcare records database | March 16–May 1, 2013–2020 | Singletons | Stillbirth4 | 4.57 | N/A | Stillbirth | 5 | N/A | N/A | 0.7 | NS change |
 Khalil et al. (2020) [10] | Cohort | United Kingdom | St. George’s University Hospital | Oct 1-Jun 21, 2019–2020 | Singletons, Twins & Triplets | Stillbirth | 2.38 | N/A | Stillbirth | 9.31 | N/A | N/A | 0.01 (1.83, 12.0) | Increase |
 Kumari et al. (2020) [20] | Retrospective | India | Tertiary Care Medical College in Western India | Jan 15- Jun 2, 2020 | N/A | Stillbirth | 22.5 | N/A | Stillbirth | 31.5 | N/A | N/A | 0.02 | 0.9% Increase |
 Meyer et al. (2020) | Retrospective | Israel | Sheba Medical Center | March 20 – June 27, 2011–2020 | Singletons | Stillbirth | 10 | N/A | Stillbirth | 8 | N/A | N/A | 0.424 | NS change |
 Stowe et al. (2020) | Cohort | United Kingdom | Hospital Episode Statistics | Apr 1 – June 30, 2019–2020 | N/A | Stillbirth5 | 4 | (0.37–0.44) | Stillbirth | 4.1 | 0.38–0.45 | Rate ratio = 1.02 | 0.69 (0.91–1.15) | NS change |
 Arnaez et al. (2021) [17] | Retrospective | Spain | 13 hospitals of the Castilla-y-Léon region | Jan 1-June 21, 2015–2020 | Singletons | Stillbirth | 4.4 | (0.22–0.7) | Stillbirth | 4.6 | (0.37–2.18) | OR = 0.90 | (0.53–1.79) | NS change |
 Shakespeare et al. (2021) [21] | Retrospective single-centre cross sectional | Zimbabwe | Mpilo Central Hospital | Jan-June 2020 | N/A | Stillbirth | 33.1 | N/A | Stillbirth | 30.09 | N/A | N/A | 0.81 | NS change |
 Kumar et al. (2021) [22] | Case-control | India | Tertiary Hospital in India | Mar-Sept, 2019–2020 | N/A | Stillbirth | 29.9 | N/A | Stillbirth | 37.4 | N/A | N/A | 0.045 | Increase |