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Table 2 Correlations between inadequate PNC use and socioeconomic, educational, and healthcare indicators in univariate logistic regression analysis

From: Regional socio-environmental characteristics associated with inadequate prenatal care during pregnancy: an ecological study of 47 prefectures in Japan

 

N

PNC initiation at 28 weeks GA or later

Never attending PNC before childbirth

crude OR

95% CI

a_OR

95% CI

Crude OR

95% CI

a_OR

95% CI

Socioeconomic indicators

 Total population (×10−4)

  under 100

9

Reference

     

Reference

     

  100–199

21

4.00

0.41

38.65

   

1.33

0.12

14.87

   

  200–499

8

4.80

0.38

59.89

   

1.14

0.06

21.87

   

  500 or more

9

16.00*

1.32

194.62

   

10.00

0.85

117.02

   

 Population density (persons/m3)

  under 300

25

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

  300–999

15

1.29

0.32

5.13

0.55

0.06

4.96

1.13

0.17

7.67

0.15

0.01

2.85

  1000 or over

7

6.43

1.00

41.20

1.17

0.07

18.19

18.33*

2.39

140.39

2.05

0.11

38.27

 Non-Japanese nationality population (%)

  less than mean (≤0.9941)

27

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

  more than mean (> 0.9941)

20

4.28*

1.21

15.15

14.71

0.89

242.96

4.31

0.95

19.53

1.69

0.12

24.64

 Single-parent families (%)

  less than the mean (≤9.284436)

26

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

  more than the mean (> 9.284436)

21

0.80

0.24

2.66

2.09

0.19

23.37

0.45

0.10

2.02

0.31

0.03

3.64

 Divorce rate (per thousand)

  less than the mean (≤1.668244)

21

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

  more than the mean (> 1.668244)

26

7.00*

1.65

29.69

7.22*

1.21

43.11

10.59*

1.22

92.25

6.15

0.45

84.26

 Annual prefectural income per capita (million yen)

  under 2.5

10

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

  2.5 or over and under 3.0

24

0.96

0.19

4.82

0.38

0.04

3.47

1.80

0.18

18.47

0.25

0.01

6.43

  3.0 and over

13

2.72

0.48

15.47

0.28

0.01

6.16

5.63

0.54

58.91

0.37

0.01

18.01

 Gini coefficient

  less than the mean (≤0.3064681)

26

Reference

     

Reference

     

  more than the mean (> 0.3064681)

21

1.69

0.51

5.60

   

1.31

0.32

5.32

   

Educational indicators

 Percentage of enrolment into advanced educational institutions among high school graduates (%)

  less than the mean (≤50.94128)

23

Reference

     

Reference

     

  more than the mean (> 50.94128)

24

1.13

0.34

3.70

   

1.58

0.38

6.55

   

 Percentage of enrolment into a high school among middle school graduates (%)

  less than the mean (≤97.01957)

21

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

Reference

  

  more than the mean (> 97.01957)

26

0.41

0.12

1.37

1.20

0.17

8.75

0.14*

0.02

0.73

0.15

0.01

1.84

 Rate of long-term absence due to refusal to school (per 1000 students)

  less than the mean (≤28.36566)

24

Reference

     

Reference

     

  more than the mean (> 28.36566)

23

0.89

0.27

2.93

   

1.76

0.43

7.31

   

Healthcare workforce indicators

 No. of OBGYNs (per 10,000 women aged 15–49 years)

  less than the mean (≤4.583474)

24

Reference

     

Reference

     

  more than the mean (> 4.583474)

23

0.61

0.18

2.04

   

0.63

0.15

2.61

   
  1. *p < 0.05
  2. Two outcome variables were divided by the mean, and the explanatory variables were divided into 2–4 categories
  3. GA Gestational Age
  4. PNC Prenatal Care
  5. OR Odds Ratio
  6. a-OR adjusted Odds Ratio
  7. CI Confidential Interval
  8. OBGYNs Obstetricians and Gynaecologists