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Table 4 Subgroup analyses of studies using different TM patterns

From: Effectiveness of telemedicine for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis

Outcome

TM pattern

No. of trials

Pooled effect

Heterogeneity

Effect size

95% CI

P

I2

P

Change in HbA1c

Group 1

5

MD = -0.34

(−0.67, −0.01)

0.04

94

< 0.01

Group 2

3

MD = -0.63

(−1.11, −0.14)

0.01

83

< 0.01

Change in FBG

Group 1

8

MD = -0.25

(−0.43, −0.08)

< 0.01

56

0.03

Group 2

4

MD = -0.29

(− 0.65, 0.06)

0.11

84

< 0.01

Group 3

6

MD = -0.64

(−1.26, −0.02)

0.04

94

< 0.01

Change in 2hBG

Group 1

4

MD = -0.29

(−0.70, 0.11)

0.15

26

0.26

Group 2

4

MD = -0.60

(−1.92, 0.72)

0.37

97

< 0.01

Group 3

5

MD = -1.55

(−2.29, −0.81)

0.02

92

< 0.01

Caesarean section

Group 1

10

RR = 0.96

(0.73, 1.27)

0.77

65

< 0.01

Group 2

3

RR = 0.67

(0.57, 0.92)

0.01

0

0.50

Group 4

5

RR = 0.67

(0.57, 0.80)

< 0.01

0

0.73

PIH or preeclampsia

Group 1

7

RR = 0.69

(0.44, 1.08)

0.10

16

0.31

Group 3

3

RR = 0.44

(0.35, 0.56)

< 0.01

0

0.98

Premature rupture of membranes

Group 1

4

RR = 0.76

(0.40, 1.44)

0.40

22

0.28

Macrosomia

Group 1

7

RR = 0.95

(0.55, 1.65)

0.85

32

0.19

Group 2

5

RR = 0.43

(0.20, 0.92)

0.03

48

0.10

Group 3

3

RR = 0.21

(0.09, 0.48)

< 0.01

61

0.08

Group 4

3

RR = 0.44

(0.27, 0.71)

< 0.01

0

0.64

Neonatal hypoglycaemia

Group 1

7

RR = 1.20

(0.81, 1.78)

0.36

0

82.4

Group 2

3

RR = 0.36

(0.22, 0.60)

< 0.01

0

0.78

Preterm birth

Group 1

7

RR = 0.42

(0.22, 0.80)

< 0.01

20

0.27

Group 3

3

RR = 0.21

(0.13, 0.32)

< 0.01

16

0.30

Polyhydramnios

Group 3

3

RR = 0.17

(0.09, 0.32)

< 0.01

0

0.92

Admission to NICU

Group 1

7

RR = 0.88

(0.56, 1.40)

0.60

20

0.28

Neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia

Group 1

5

RR = 1.09

(0.69, 1.71)

0.71

0

0.72

NARDS

Group 1

4

RR = 0.81

(0.37, 1.77)

0.60

0

0.47

  1. Group 1: real-time monitoring and feedback, Group 2: health education and question answering, Group 3: real-time monitoring and feedback + health education and question answering, Group 4: real-time monitoring and feedback + health education and question answering + peer support
  2. GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, 2hBG 2-h postprandial blood glucose, FBG fasting blood glucose, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, MD mean difference, TM telemedicine