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Table 2 Meta-analyses of maternal/foetal outcomes of TM interventions compared to standard care in patients with GDM

From: Effectiveness of telemedicine for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials with trial sequential analysis

Outcome

No. of trials

Pooled effect

Heterogeneity

Effect size

95%CI

P

I2

P

Caesarean section

19 [4, 6, 7, 19, 23, 30,31,32, 34,35,36, 40,41,42,43,44, 46, 48]

RR = 0.82

(0.69, 0.97)

0.02

57

0.01

PIH or preeclampsia

12 [4, 7, 20,21,22, 32,33,34, 36, 43, 44, 49]

RR = 0.48

(0.40, 0.58)

< 0.01

11

0.34

Premature rupture of membranes

7 [22, 32, 33, 36, 41, 46, 49]

RR = 0.61

(0.50, 0.76)

< 0.01

15

0.31

Macrosomia

18 [6, 7, 19,20,21,22,23,24, 30, 31, 35,36,37, 41, 43, 44, 47, 49]

RR = 0.49

(0.30, 0.80)

< 0.01

77

< 0.01

Neonatal hypoglycaemia

12 [4, 6, 7, 19, 24, 32,33,34, 36, 40, 41, 43]

RR = 0.67

(0.51, 0.87)

< 0.01

39

0.08

Preterm birth

13 [7, 19,20,21,22, 31,32,33,34, 36, 41, 44, 49]

RR = 0.27

(0.20, 0.35)

< 0.01

38

0.08

Neonatal asphyxia

5 [21, 22, 41, 44, 49]

RR = 0.17

(0.08, 0.33)

< 0.01

0

0.85

Polyhydramnios

7 [4, 20,21,22, 43, 44, 49]

RR = 0.16

(0.10, 0.28)

< 0.01

0

0.99

Admission to the NICU

7 [4, 7, 31,32,33, 35, 36]

RR = 0.89

(0.60, 1.32)

0.57

20

0.28

Neonatal jaundice or hyperbilirubinemia

6 [7, 31,32,33, 36, 41]

RR = 1.00

(0.64, 1.55)

0.99

0

0.68

NARDS

6 [7, 31,32,33, 36, 41]

RR = 0.66

(0.33, 1.33)

0.25

0

0.41

  1. GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, PIH pregnancy-induced hypertension, NICU neonatal intensive care unit, NARDS neonatal acute respiratory distress syndrome, RR relative risk, CI confidence interval, TM telemedicine