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Table 4 Anthropometric and laboratory parameters of neonates at birth, categorized by maternal BMI (kg/m2)

From: Maternal BMI and nutritional status in early pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcomes at birth in Bangladesh

 

Underweight

(BMI < 18.5)

Normal weight

(BMI 18.5- < 23)

Overweight

(BMI ≥23)

Total number (n = 138)

38

67

33

Anthropometric indices

 Birth weight (gram)a

2700 (400)

2800 (400)

2900 (400)

 Birth length (cm) a

45.4 (3.1)

46.3 (2.6)

45.9 (2.3)

 Head circumference (cm) a

32.9 (1.3)

33.0 (1.5)

33.4 (2.7)

 MUAC (cm) a

9.7 (0.8)

9.8 (0.8)

9.8 (0.9)

Laboratory parameters

 Blood glucose (mmol/l) b

4.3 (3.4, 5.2)

3.7 (3.3, 5.1)

3.7 (3.2, 4.2) *

 Insulin (μIU/ml) b

6.0 (4.3, 13.5)

7.3 (3.2, 12.1)

6.1 (4.6, 9.4)

 HOMA-IR b

1.1 (0.7, 2.7)

1.4 (0.8, 2.6)

1.1 (0.7, 1.5)

 Glucose to insulin ratio b

11.5 (8.3, 16.0)

10.0 (6.5, 16.1)

10.3 (7.2, 15.1)

 Cholesterol (mg/dl) b

67.0 (58.5, 85.0)

67.5 (56.3, 75.8)

60.5 (50.8, 66.3) *

 Triglycerides (mg/dl) b

40.0 (28.5, 48.5)

35.5 (24.0, 52.0)

34.0 (28.0, 53.0)

 HDL-C (mg/dl) b

25.0 (20.0, 34.0)

23.0 (19.3, 31.0)

21.5 (17.5, 27.0) *

 LDL-C (mg/dl) b

36.0 (25.0, 43.0)

35.5 (26.5, 41.8)

30.0 (24.8, 35.0)

 Vitamin D (nmol/l) b

31.7 (27.1, 42.7)

33.6 (28.4, 43.7)

38.2 (31.5, 46.6)

 Vitamin B12 (pg/ml) b

372.0 (297.3, 496.8)

424.5 (297.0, 641.5)

514.5 (369.0, 751.0) *†

 Homocysteine (μmol/l) b

5.4 (4.6, 7.2)

5.0 (4.0, 6.0)

4.7 (3.6, 6.4)

 Folate (ng/ml) b

15.8 (13.2, 24.8)

17.3 (13.8, 22.4)

16.5 (14.5, 18.7)

 Ferritin (ng/ml) b

103.8 (61.5, 253.8)

142.5 (64.4, 203.8)

81.6 (43.5, 161.0)

 Leptin (ng/ml) b

4.3 (2.7, 8.1)

5.1 (2.9, 8.8)

5.7 (4.0, 7.1)

  1. Data are presented as a mean (SD) or b median (interquartile range)
  2. *p-value < 0.05 compared with underweight; †p-value < 0.05 compared with normal. Abbreviation: BMI body mass index, MUAC mid upper arm circumference, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol