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Table 3 Demographic and biochemical characteristics of neonates at birth, categorized by birth weight

From: Maternal BMI and nutritional status in early pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcomes at birth in Bangladesh

Variables

Overall

Low birth weight

(weight < 2500 g)

Normal birth weight

(weight ≥ 2500 g)

Number, % a

138

16 (11.6)

122 (88.4)

Sex (male), n, % a

74 (53.6)

5 (31.3)

69 (56.6)

Preterm (< 37 weeks), n, % a

8 (5.8)

3 (18.8)

5 (4.1) *

Delivery (caesarian section), n, % a

90 (65.2)

8 (50.0)

82 (67.2)

Gestational age at delivery (weeks) b

40.2 (1.6)

40.4 (2.6)

40.2 (1.4)

Weight (gram) b

2814 (404)

2146 (166)

2899 (342) *

Length (cm) b

45.9 (2.7)

43.6 (2.8)

46.3 (2.5) *

Weight for height (kg/m2) b

13.4 (1.7)

11.3 (1.0)

13.6 (1.6) *

Head circumference (cm) b

33.1 (1.4)

31.4 (1.4)

33.3 (1.3) *

MUAC (cm) b

9.8 (0.8)

9.1 (0.7)

9.9 (0.8) *

Ponderal index b

2.9 (0.5)

2.6 (0.4)

3.0 (0.5) *

Biochemical parameters

 Blood glucose (mmol/l) c

3.8 (3.3, 5.1)

4.3 (3.2, 5.1)

3.8 (3.3, 5.1)

 Insulin (μIU/ml) c

6.5 (5.0, 11.5)

5.6 (3.5, 15.1)

6.6 (4.6, 11.4)

 HOMA-IR c

1.18 (0.74, 2.30)

1.23 (0.56, 2.85)

1.18 (0.74, 2.27)

 Glucose to insulin ratio c

10.6 (7.1, 15.6)

10.9 (6.1, 17.9)

10.5 (7.4, 15.2)

 Cholesterol (mg/dl) c

66.0 (56.0, 78.0)

64.0 (47.0, 77.0)

66.0 (56.3, 78.8)

 Triglycerides (mg/dl) c

35.0 (26.0, 50.0)

48.0 (28.0, 76.0)

34.5 (25.3, 48.0)

 HDL-C (mg/dl) c

23.0 (19.0, 30.0)

19.0 (16.0, 29.0)

24.0 (20.0, 30.0)

 LDL-C (mg/dl) c

33.0 (25.0, 41.0)

32.0 (17.0, 39.0)

33.0 (25.0, 41.0)

 Vitamin D (nmol/l) c

33.9 (28.3, 45.2)

31.2 (27.8, 45.3)

34.5 (28.7, 45.2)

 Vitamin B12 (pg/ml) c

417.0 (329.3, 640.3)

414.0 (258.5, 669.0)

421.0 (340.0, 629.5)

 Homocysteine (μmol/l) c

5.0 (4.0, 6.4)

5.5 (4.5, 6.9)

5.0 (4.0, 6.3)

 Folate (ng/ml) c

16.8 (14.2, 21.8)

13.7 (12.3, 20.3)

16.8 (14.4, 22.2)

 Ferritin (ng/ml) c

119.0 (58.8, 197.0)

112.0 (61.1, 155.0)

127.0 (59.3, 200.0)

 Leptin (ng/ml) c

5.1 (3.0, 7.8)

5.3 (2.9, 7.1)

5.1 (3.0, 8.1)

  1. Data are presented as a number (%) or b mean (SD) or c median (interquartile range) where appropriate. Biochemical assays were all measured in serum. *p-value < 0.05 compared with LBW. Abbreviation: LBW low birth weight, MUAC mid upper arm circumference, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low density lipoprotein cholesterol