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Table 3 Pregnant women’s sanitation access and use with adjusted odds ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes

From: Effects of sanitation practices on adverse pregnancy outcomes in India: a conducive finding from recent Indian demographic health survey

Characteristics

Odds ratio

95% Confidence interval

Lower limit

Upper limit

Access to toilet

 No access®

1

  

 In house

0.78***

0.762

0.811

 Shared toilet

0.95

0.912

0.988

Availability of water

 No availability®

1

  

 Available

0.94**

0.909

0.981

Availability of hand wash

 No availability®

1

  

 Available

0.98

0.948

1.009

  1. ***p < 0.01, **p < .05, *p < 0.1