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Table 2 Risk factors for vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC)

From: Prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis in pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the middle belt of Ghana

 

VVC

OR (Unadjusted)

P-value for OR

AOR (Adjusted)

P-value for AOR

Yes n (%)

No n (%)

Age group

 < 19

25 (32.1)

53 (67.9)

1.0

 

–

 

 20–34

158 (37.4)

264 (62.6)

1.27 (0.76–2.12)

0.365

–

–

 35+

32 (36.0)

57 (64.0)

1.19 (0.63–2.26)

0.596

–

–

Marital Status

 Married

149 (36.9)

255 (63.1)

1.0

 

–

 

 Single

35 (36.1)

62 (63.9)

0.97 (0.61–1.53)

0.884

–

–

 Cohabiting

31 (35.2)

57 (64.8)

0.93 (0.57–1.50)

0.770

–

–

Religion

 Christians

143 (36.9)

245 (63.1)

1.0

 

–

 

 Muslim

63 (34.1)

122 (65.9)

0.88 (0.63–1.28)

0.514

–

–

 Others

9 (56.3)

7 (43.8)

2.20 (0.80–6.04)

0.125

–

–

Education

 No education

80 (37.9)

131 (62.1)

1.0

 

–

 

 Primary & JHS

112 (36.2)

197 (63.8)

0.93 (0.65–1.33)

0.699

–

–

 > SHS

23 (33.3)

46 (66.7)

0.82 (0.46–1.45)

0.494

–

–

Occupation

 Unemployed

73 (32.7)

150 (67.3)

1.0

 

–

 

 Employed

142 (38.8)

224 (61.2)

0.77 (0.54–1.09)

0.139

–

–

Trimester

 First

30 (36.1)

53 (63.9)

1.0

 

–

 

 Second

110 (34.8)

206 (65.2)

0.94 (0.57–1.56)

0.821

–

–

 Third

75 (39.5)

115 (60.5)

1.15 (0.67–1.96)

0.603

–

–

Gravidae

 Primigravidae

46 (31.9)

96 (68.1)

1.0

 

–

 

 2–4 gravidae

123 (39.2)

191 (60.8)

1.37 (0.90–2.08)

0.137

–

–

 5 gravidae

46 (35.1)

85 (64.9)

1.15 (0.70–1.90)

0.578

–

–

History of spontaneous abortion

 No

176 (35.8)

315 (64.2)

1.0

 

–

 

 Yes

39 (39.8)

59 (60.2)

1.18 (0.76–1.85)

0.459

–

–

Contraceptive use before Pregnancy

 No

152 (36.0)

270 (64.0)

1.0

 

–

 

 Yes

63 (37.7)

104 (62.3)

1.07 (0.74–1.56)

0.698

–

–

Douche

 No

136 (36.7)

235 (63.3)

1.0

 

–

 

 Yes

79 (36.2)

139 (63.8)

0.9 (0.69–1.39)

0.919

–

–

Antibiotic use

 No

202 (35.9)

361 (64.1)

1.0

 

–

 

 Yes

13 (50.0)

13 (50.0)

1.79 (0.83–3.93)

0.149

–

–

Sex Frequency

 < 2 per week

161 (38.3)

259 (61.7)

1.0

 

–

 

 > 2 per week

54 (32.0)

115 (68.1)

0.76 (0.52–1.10)

0.146

–

–

Trichomoniasis

 No

211 (36.3)

370 (63.7)

1.0

 

–

 

 Yes

4 (50.0)

4 (50.0)

1.75 (0.43–7.08)

0.430

–

–