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Table 5 Final Late/No Prenatal Care Utilization Linear Regression Models for Baseline, Period 1 and Period 2 (controlled for 102 LHD Clusters)

From: Social determinants of health and disparities in prenatal care utilization during the Great Recession period 2005-2010

 

Baseline Period n = 270,775

Period 1

n = 195,921

Period 2

n = 178,254

Coef.*

95% C.I.

Coef.

95% CI

Coef.

 

95% C.I.

Maternal Race/Ethnicity

 Non-Hispanic White

referent

referent

  

referent

  

 Hispanic White

0.020*

0.000–0.039

0.007

 

−0.010- 0.024

0.009

 

−0.005- 0.022

 Non-Hispanic Black

0.032*

0.020–0.045

0.037*

 

0.025–0.049

0.037*

 

0.027–0.046

Age

  < 14 years

0.259*

0.229–0.289

0.261*

 

0.224–0.297

0.262*

 

0.201–0.323

 15–19 years

0.097*

0.084–0.110

0.091*

 

0.069–0.112

0.087*

 

0.075–0.098

 20–24 years

0.040*

0.031–0.048

0.050*

 

0.038–0.060

0.039*

 

0.031–0.048

 25–29 years

0.009*

0.004–0.013

0.011*

 

0.005–0.018

0.011*

 

0.006–0.016

 30–34 years

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 35–39 years

0.002

−0.002-0.007

0.005

 

− 0.000- 0.010

0.010*

 

0.001–0.019

 40+ years

0.049*

0.032–0.066

0.045*

 

0.032–0.058

0.029*

 

0.014–0.044

Marital Status

 Married

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 Not Married

0.042*

0.035–0.049

0.042*

 

0.031–0.053

0.032*

 

0.024–0.040

Foreign-Born Status

 Not Foreign-Born

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 Foreign-Born

0.034*

0.014–0.055

0.028*

 

0.012–0.044

0.022*

 

0.009–0.035

Education

 Less than HS education

0.084*

0.064–0.104

0.079*

 

0.059–0.099

0.061*

 

0.046–0.076

 HS diploma or GED

0.021*

0.012–0.029

0.016*

 

0.005–0.026

0.020*

 

0.012–0.029

 Some College

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 Age < 20; ed. level not assessed

0.056*

0.041–0.070

0.055*

 

0.036–0.073

0.039*

 

0.023–0.056

Insurance Payer

 Medicaid

0.100

0.087–0.114

0.113*

 

0.097–0.129

0.099*

 

0.085–0.113

 Private Insurance

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 Self-Pay/ Uninsured

0.155

0.115–0.195

0.173*

 

0.140–0.205

0.138*

 

0.102–0.173

 Other (Indian Health Service, CHAMPUS, etc.)

0.057

0.017–0.096

0.057*

 

0.011–0.103

0.070*

 

0.039–0.100

 Unknown

0.038

−0.008- 0.083

0.054

 

−0.003- 0.111

0.060*

 

0.016–0.105

WIC Enrollment Status

 Yes WIC

−0.012*

− 0.022- -0.002

− 0.012*

 

− 0.023- 0.001

−0.010

 

−0.021 − 0.002

No WIC

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 Unemploy-ment Rate

-0.002

−0.018- 0.014

−0.000

 

−0.003-0.002

− 0.001

 

− 0.010-0.007

Community Poverty

 Top 1/3 Poor LHJs

−0.031

−0.065 -0.004

− 0.045*

 

− 0.086- -0.003

−0.056*

 

−0.096- -0.015

 Bottom 2/3 (Non) Poor LHJs

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 Median HH Income

7.55E-07

−1.75 E-06- 3.26 E-06

1.53E- 06

1

−8.13E- 07 - 3.88E- 06

8.83E-07

 

−0.000- 0.000

Core Based Statistical Area

 Metropolitan

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

Micropolitan

0.010

−0.021- 0.041

0.003

 

−0.033- 0.039

0.019

 

−0.013- 0.050

 Rural

−0.016

−0.054 − 0.023

-0.023

 

− 0.065- 0.020

−0.026

 

−0.073- 0.022

 Gini Coefficient

0.025

−0.442- 0.493

−0.184

0.246

−0.672- 0.304

− 0.152

0.228

− 0.604- 0.301

 Percent Republican

0.001*

0.0004-

0.002*

 

0.0003-

0.002*

 

0.0005–0.0031

 Per Capita MDs (GPs and FM)

−1.498*

−2.959-

−0.036

−0.949

 

−2.213- 0.316

−0.895

 

−2.265-0.475

State

 Florida

0.056

−0.011- 0.122

0.054

 

−0.006- 0.114

0.047

 

−0.013-0.106

 Washington

referent

 

referent

  

referent

  

 LHD Per Capita 2MCH Expenditures

0.0012

−0.0007- 0.0030

0.0019*

 

0.0002–0.0036

0.0025*

 

0.0009–0.0042

 LHD Per Capita WIC Expenditures

−0.0010

−0.0067-0.0046

− 0.0014

 

− 0.0065- 0.0038

−0.0022

 

−0.0077- 0.0033

  1. *P < .05 was used to establish statistical significance and is indicated with an asterisk (*)
  2. Abbreviations (in order of appearance in table from top to bottom): Late/No PNC: late (after first trimester) or non-entry to prenatal care; LHD: Local health department; Prob: probability; SE: standard error; Conf.: confidence (for confidence interval); HS: High school; GED: General education diploma; Ed: education; CHAMPUS: Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniform Services; WIC: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; LHJ: Local health jurisdiction; HH: household; MD: medical doctor; GP: general practitioner; FM: family medicine;