Covariate Level | Covariate Name/Description |
---|---|
Individual | • Race/ethnicity: non-Hispanic White (White), Hispanic White (Hispanic), non-Hispanic Black (Black)a • Maternal age • Marital status (Married/Unmarried) • Mother foreign-born (Yes/No) • Maternal education (Less than HS; HS Diploma or GED; some college not assessed (age < 20 years)) • WIC (maternal WIC enrollment) (Yes/No) • Maternal insurance status (e.g., Medicaid or private insurance). |
Communityb (at the LHJ level unless otherwise indicated) | • Core Based Statistical Area (CBSA) (metropolitan, micropolitan, or rural) • Community poverty (binary variable, 1 for LHJs with highest percentage (top 1/3) of residents age 0–17 in poverty in each state, 2 for lower number of residents age 0–17 in poverty (non-poor LHJs) • Partisan Voting Patterns: Percent of voters voting Republican (vs. Democrat or Independent) in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections c • Gini coefficient (2000 census; measure of income distribution/inequality (0–1), larger number > inequality), measuring levels of income inequality • Per Capita General and Family Practitioner MDs/LHJs (for years 2005, 2008, 2010) • Per capita LHJ unemployment rated |
Expendituree | • Total LHD expenditures • WIC expenditures • Family Planning (FP) expenditures • Maternal/Infant/Child/Adolescent (MICA) services expenditures • 2MCH--Combined expenditures for 2 MCH services (FP and MICA)f |
State | • State-level dummy variables were created for WA and FL to capture any state-level differences. |