Skip to main content

Table 3 Results of hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis to predict stress during the 2nd and 3rd trimester by proximal risk factors of the 2nd trimester

From: Gestational weight gain, physical activity, sleep problems, substance use, and food intake as proximal risk factors of stress and depressive symptoms during pregnancy

 

2 nd trimester – Cross-sectional

3 rd trimester – Longitudinal

Variable

n

B (SE)

β

R 2

F

R 2 change

n

B (SE)

β

R 2

F

R 2 change

GWG

458

     

344

     

Block 1

   

0.02

3.06*

0.02

   

0.03

5.26**

0.03

 Age

 

−0.03 (0.03)

−0.04

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.07 (0.03)

0.10*

    

0.06 (0.03)

0.10

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.67 (0.36)

−0.09

    

−1.01 (0.39)

− 0.14**

   

Block 2

   

0.03

3.99**

0.01

   

0.03

3.54*

0.00

 GWG

 

0.10 (0.04)

0.12*

    

0.01 (0.04)

0.02

   

Physical activity

342

     

275

     

Block 1

   

0.00

0.51

0.00

   

0.01

0.98

0.01

 Age

 

−0.01 (0.04)

−0.01

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.04 (0.04)

0.05

    

0.03 (0.04)

0.04

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.28 (0.43)

− 0.04

    

−0.55 (0.45)

−0.07

   

Block 2

   

0.03

1.86

0.03

   

0.01

0.84

0.01

 Physical activity

reference group: once a week

 Less than once a month

 

1.01 (0.39)

0.15**

    

0.43 (0.40)

0.07

   

 Once a month

 

0.23 (0.48)

0.03

    

0.65 (0.51)

0.08

   

 Daily

 

1.16 (0.54)

0.12*

    

0.33 (0.58)

0.04

   

Sleep problems

292

     

225

     

Block 1

   

0.03

2.51

0.03

   

0.07

7.87***

0.07

 Age

 

−0.01 (0.04)

−0.02

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.07 (0.04)

0.09

    

0.09 (0.04)

0.14*

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.97 (0.46)

−0.12*

    

−1.51 (0.47)

−0.21**

   

Block 2

   

0.09

7.26***

0.07

   

0.09

7.37***

0.02

 Sleep problems

 

0.20 (0.04)

0.27***

    

0.12 (0.05)

0.16*

   

Alcohol use

399

     

309

     

Block 1

   

0.03

3.85*

0.03

   

0.04

6.80**

0.04

 Age

 

−0.03 (0.04)

−0.04

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.09 (0.03)

0.13*

    

0.10 (0.04)

0.15**

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.74 (0.40)

−0.09

    

−1.03 (0.42)

−0.14*

   

Block 2

   

0.03

3.05*

0.00

   

0.04

4.69**

0.00

 Alcohol use

reference group: non-drinker

 Quitter

 

−0.28 (0.35)

−0.04

    

−0.25 (0.35)

−0.04

   

Cigarette smoking

364

     

275

     

Block 1

   

0.02

2.05

0.02

   

0.02

2.36

0.02

 Age

 

0.02 (0.04)

0.03

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.07 (0.04)

0.10

    

0.07 (0.04)

0.11

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.61 (0.44)

−0.07

    

−0.58 (0.47)

−0.07

   

Block 2

   

0.02

2.16

0.01

   

0.02

1.59

0.00

 Cigarette smoking

reference group: non-smoker

 Quitter

 

0.67 (0.42)

0.08

    

0.12 (0.44)

0.02

   

Snack food intake

389

     

292

     

Block 1

   

0.02

2.02

0.02

   

0.03

4.23*

0.03

 Age

 

−0.02 (0.04)

−0.03

    

–

–

   

 Pregravid BMI

 

0.07 (0.04)

0.10*

    

0.07 (0.04)

0.10

   

 Pregnancy intention

 

−0.39 (0.39)

−0.05

    

−0.94 (0.43)

−0.13*

   

Block 2

   

0.04

3.99**

0.02

   

0.03

3.27*

0.00

 Snack food intake

 

0.42 (0.13)

0.16**

    

0.19 (0.16)

0.07

   
  1. Note. n number of pregnant women included in the model. B (SE) estimated value of raw (unstandardized) regression coefficient (standard error). β population value (standardized) of regression coefficient. R2 coefficient of multiple determination. F Fisher’s ratio. BMI body mass index, kg/m2. GWG gestational weight gain. ***p < .001. **p < .01. *p < .05