Table 1 Percentages and unadjusted Odds Ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) for timing of ultrasound at different independent variables. The Maternity Experiences Survey (MES)
From: Factors associated with the timing of the first prenatal ultrasound in Canada
Variable | Overall % | Optimal % | Early | Late | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Unadjusted OR (95%CI)a | % | Unadjusted OR (95%CI)a | |||
MATERNAL FACTORS | ||||||
 Fertility medications or procedures | ||||||
  Yes | 4.7 | 42.6 | 55.2 | 3.49 (2.70–4.52) | 2.2 | 0.81 (0.26–2.53) |
  No | 95.3 | 69.8 | 25.9 | 1.00 | 4.4 | 1.00 |
 Health problems before pregnancy | ||||||
  Yes | 15.3 | 63.8 | 33.7 | 1.40 (1.20–1.63) | 2.5 | 0.57 (0.36–0.90) |
  No | 84.7 | 69.2 | 26.1 | 1.00 | 4.6 | 1.00 |
 Health Problems during pregnancy | ||||||
  Yes | 24.4 | 65.4 | 31.1 | 1.26 (1.15–1.44) | 3.5 | 0.82 (0.60–1.12) |
  No | 75.6 | 69.3 | 26.1 | 1.00 | 4.5 | 1.00 |
 Pre-pregnancy BMI | ||||||
  Underweight (less than 18.5) | 6.1 | 59.3 | 36.5 | 1.63 (1.27–2.08) | 4.2 | 1.17 (0.66–2.09) |
  Normal (18.5–24.99) | 59.3 | 69.5 | 26.3 | 1.00 | 4.2 | 1.00 |
  Overweight/obese (25+) | 34.6 | 68.4 | 27.4 | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 4.3 | 1.03 (0.77–1.36) |
 Intended pregnancy | ||||||
  Unintended | 27.1 | 66.7 | 26.3 | 0.98 (0.86–1.13) | 7.1 | 2.24 (1.74–2.88) |
  Intended | 73.0 | 69.1 | 27.7 | 1.00 | 3.3 | 1.00 |
BEHAVIOURAL RISK FACTORS | ||||||
 Smoking during the last 3 months of pregnancy | ||||||
  Yes | 10.5 | 66.6 | 27.0 | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 6.4 | 1.63 (1.18–2.27) |
  No | 89.5 | 68.6 | 27.3 | 1.00 | 4.1 | 1.00 |
 Alcohol during pregnancy | ||||||
  Yes | 10.5 | 75.6 | 20.1 | 0.64 (0.51–0.80) | 4.3 | 0.88 (0.56–1.40) |
  No | 89.6 | 67.6 | 28.1 | 1.00 | 4.3 | 1.00 |
REPRODUCTIVE HISTORY | ||||||
 Parity | ||||||
  Primiparous | 45.5 | 65.7 | 30.8 | 1.00 | 3.5 | 1.00 |
  Multiparous | 54.5 | 70.7 | 24.4 | 0.73 (0.65–0.83) | 5.0 | 1.32 (1.01–1.71) |
 History of premature birth | ||||||
  Yes | 5.8 | 64.0 | 32.9 | 1.30 (1.02–1.67) | 3.1 | 0.80 (0.41–1.54) |
  No | 94.2 | 68.8 | 27.1 | 1.00 | 4.2 | 1.00 |
 History of ectopic pregnancy or stillbirth | ||||||
  Yes | 2.5 | 59.6 | 38.8 | 1.65 (1.18–2.32) | 0.9 | 0.42 (0.15–1.12) |
  No | 97.5 | 68.6 | 27.0 | 1.00 | 4.4 | 1.00 |
 History of miscarriage | ||||||
  Yes | 22.1 | 60.9 | 36.6 | 1.72 (1.50–1.97) | 2.5 | 0.61 (0.42–0.89) |
  No | 77.9 | 70.5 | 24.7 | 1.00 | 4.8 | 1.00 |
 History of therapeutic abortion | ||||||
  Yes | 11.8 | 69.4 | 26.3 | 0.94 (0.78–1.14) | 4.3 | 0.98 (0.63–1.52) |
  No | 88.2 | 68.2 | 27.5 | 1.00 | 4.3 | 1.00 |
PRENATAL AND BIRTH RELATED FACTORS | ||||||
 Type of prenatal care provider | ||||||
  OB/GYN | 58.3 | 67.1 | 28.8 | 1.00 | 4.0 | 1.00 |
  Family doctor/GP | 34.4 | 70.3 | 25.2 | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 4.5 | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) |
  Midwife and otherb | 7.3 | 68.5 | 26.1 | 0.89 (0.69–1.13) | 5.4 | 1.30 (0.83–2.06) |
 Mode of delivery | ||||||
  Vaginal | 73.7 | 69.4 | 26.2 | 1.00 | 4.5 | 1.00 |
  Caesarean | 26.3 | 65.6 | 30.7 | 1.24 (1.09–1.41) | 3.8 | 0.89 (0.66–1.21) |
 Birthweight | ||||||
   < 2500 | 5.1 | 60.7 | 35.0 | 1.45 (1.10–1.90) | 4.3 | 1.15 (0.61–2.14) |
  2500–4000 | 82.4 | 68.5 | 27.2 | 1.00 | 4.3 | 1.00 |
   > 4000 | 12.6 | 70.6 | 24.8 | 0.89 (0.74–1.06) | 4.6 | 1.05 (0.71–1.56) |
SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ||||||
 Maternal age at delivery | ||||||
   < 20 | 3.0 | 66.0 | 22.3 | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 11.7 | 2.89 (1.87–4.45) |
  20–34 | 79.5 | 68.7 | 27.1 | 1.00 | 4.2 | 1.00 |
  35+ | 17.6 | 67.6 | 29.2 | 1.10 (0.94–1.28) | 3.2 | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) |
 Country of birth/Aboriginal status | ||||||
  Born in Canada | 71.8 | 69.1 | 27.4 | 1.00 | 3.6 | 1.00 |
  Born outside of Canada | 24.0 | 66.7 | 27.2 | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) | 6.1 | 1.77 (1.34–2.34) |
  Aboriginal | 4.2 | 67.8 | 25.8 | 0.96 (0.72–1.28) | 6.4 | 1.81 (1.10–2.96) |
 Marital status | ||||||
  With partner | 91.6 | 68.9 | 27.0 | 0.83 (0.68–1.01) | 4.1 | 0.60 (0.41–0.87) |
  No Partner | 8.4 | 63.6 | 30.1 | 1.00 | 6.4 | 1.00 |
 Province of prenatal care | ||||||
  Quebec | 23.5 | 77.0 | 18.4 | 1.00 | 4.6 | 1.00 |
  Newfoundland and Labrador | 1.3 | 69.4 | 26.2 | 1.59 (1.20–2.09) | 4.4 | 1.05 (0.58–1.90) |
  Prince Edward Island | 0.4 | 76.8 | 15.8 | 0.86 (0.65–1.14) | 7.4 | 1.62 (1.00–2.63) |
  Nova Scotia | 2.2 | 68.4 | 27.8 | 1.71 (1.33–2.18) | 3.8 | 0.93 (0.49–1.75) |
  New Brunswick | 1.9 | 73.6 | 22.6 | 1.29 (0.96–1.72) | 3.9 | 0.88 (0.49–1.59) |
  Ontario | 39.3 | 63.2 | 33.3 | 2.21 (1.86–2.61) | 3.5 | 0.93 (0.65–1.34) |
  Manitoba | 3.5 | 74.7 | 13.3 | 0.75 (0.53–1.04) | 12.1 | 2.70 (1.77–4.10) |
  Saskatchewan | 3.1 | 70.9 | 25.3 | 1.49 (1.12–1.99) | 3.9 | 0.91 (0.48–1.72) |
  Alberta | 12.3 | 67.6 | 27.7 | 1.72 (1.40–2.12) | 4.7 | 1.16 (0.73–1.86) |
  British Columbia | 11.9 | 65.4 | 31.1 | 1.99 (1.59–2.49) | 3.5 | 0.89 (0.52–1.51) |
  Territories | 0.5 | 75.6 | 14.6 | 0.81 (0.62–1.06) | 9.8 | 2.17 (1.47–3.22) |
 Urban/Rural | ||||||
  Rural | 17.8 | 71.3 | 24.6 | 0.83 (0.70–0.98) | 4.2 | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) |
  Urban (< 30,000) | 17.0 | 70.2 | 26.4 | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | 3.4 | 0.66 (0.45–0.97) |
  Urban (30,000-99,000) | 8.4 | 79.8 | 26.6 | 0.92 (0.73–1.15) | 3.6 | 0.71 (0.42–1.21) |
  Urban (100,000-499,999) | 11.6 | 65.4 | 29.9 | 1.10 (0.91–1.33) | 4.7 | 0.99 (0.65–1.50) |
  Urban (500,000+) | 45.1 | 67.3 | 27.9 | 1.00 | 4.9 | 1.00 |
 Travelled to another city or town for birth | ||||||
  Did not travel | 75.3 | 68.3 | 27.3 | 1.00 | 4.4 | 1.00 |
   < 80 km | 20.7 | 68.7 | 27.2 | 0.99 (0.86–1.15) | 4.2 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) |
  80 km+ | 4.0 | 67.7 | 30.2 | 1.12 (0.84–1.48) | 2.1 | 0.48 (0.24–0.94) |
 Education | ||||||
  Highschool or less | 21.0 | 67.0 | 25.7 | 1.00 | 7.3 | 1.00 |
  Post-secondary, below bachelor | 43.6 | 68.6 | 27.2 | 1.03 (0.88–1.22) | 4.1 | 0.55 (0.41–0.74) |
  Bachelor | 25.7 | 69.6 | 27.7 | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 2.7 | 0.35 (0.24–0.52) |
  Graduate | 9.8 | 66.9 | 30.5 | 1.19 (0.94–1.50) | 2.6 | 0.36 (0.20–0.66) |
Employment during pregnancy | ||||||
  Yes | 78.7 | 69.0 | 27.4 | 0.98 (0.84–1.14) | 3.6 | 0.48 (0.37–0.63) |
  No | 21.3 | 66.2 | 26.8 | 1.00 | 7.1 | 1.00 |
 Household income (Canadian Dollar) | ||||||
   < 30,000 | 17.0 | 68.0 | 25.7 | 1.00 | 6.2 | 1.00 |
  30,000- < 60,000 | 30.7 | 68.6 | 25.3 | 0.98 (0.81–1.17) | 6.0 | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) |
  60,000- < 100,000 | 32.2 | 72.6 | 24.8 | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 2.6 | 0.39 (0.27–0.58) |
  100,000+ | 20.1 | 64.4 | 33.5 | 1.38 (1.12–1.69) | 2.1 | 0.35 (0.21–0.58) |